tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk;
v];. rptypq;fuh[h
tlkuhl;rpapd;
fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk;
,yf;fpa tsKk;
v];. rptypq;fuh[h
E}yhrpupau;.......
ekJ gz;ghl;Lg; Ngzy; Kaw;rpapy; jpU. rpjk;gug;gps;is rptypq;f uh[h mtu;fSla E}y; kpfTk; gaDs;s gzpapidf; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w tifapNy Mw;Wfpd;wJ. Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; jkpou;fSila tho;tpay; gw;wpa Ez;zha;Tfs; rpw;wpd mbg;gilapNy epfopd;> mtw;wpd; gadhf Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is fdTfz;l “<oj;J tho;Tk; tsKk;” gw;wp tpupthfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; vOjp ntspapl tha;g;G cz;lhFk;. tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; te;jtuhfpa Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isapd; Mty; epiwNtWk; tz;zk; kw;Wk; gyUk; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gb J}z;Ljw;Fk; ,e;E}y; cjtpaha; cs;sJ.
jpU. rptypq;fuh[h aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpior; rpwg;Gg; ghlkhff; fw;W Kjw;gpuptpNy rpj;jp ngw;wtu;. gy;fiyf;fofj;Jf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dJ fe;jKUNfrd;> gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp> V.b. Rg;gpukzpak; Nghd;Nwhuplk; jkpo; fw;Fk; tha;g;gpidg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;. fiykhzpj; Nju;Tf;F “tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk;” vd;Dk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuar; rku;g;gpj;jhu;. mf;fl;Liuapid tpupthf vOjp ntspaplNtz;Lnkd tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpf; fofq;fs; rpyTk;> Mu;tyu;fs; rpyUk; ,tiuj; J}z;b te;jdu;. mjd; gaNd ,e;E}yhFk;. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j;JiwapNy tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;Wk; jpU. rptypq;fuh[h vq;fSila Jiwapd; jkpo;g;gzp vt;tifapNy eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gij cyFf;Ff; fhl;lj; jd;dhyhd gq;fspg;ghf ,e;E}iy ntspapLfpd;whu;.
aho;g;ghzj; jkpou;fSila fy;tp> nkhop> ,yf;fpak; Mfpad gw;wp mwpa tpUk;Gk; Ma;thsu;fSf;F ,e;E}y; ey;y gaDs;s jfty;fisf; nfhLf;fty;yJ.
Nguhrpupau; m. rz;Kfjh];
jkpo;j;Jiw
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
tlkuhl;rpapd;
fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk;
,yf;fpa tsKk;
v];. rptypq;fuh[h
jkpo;j;Jiw.
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
ntspaPL:
tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tp tl;lk;>
nghd;Dr;rhkp Nfhl;lk;>
gUj;jpj;Jiw.
Educational Tradition
& Literary Development
in Vadamaradchi (in Tamil)
(Vadamaradchiyin Kalvip Parampariyamum Iiakkiya Valamum)
by
S.Sivalingarajah B.A. (Hons.)
Assistant Lecturer>
University of Jaffna
Thirunelvely> Jaffna
Publishers:
Vadamaradchi Study Circle
Ponnuchamy Koddam
Point Pedro.
cupik : MrpupaUf;F
1984-05-05
mr;Rg;gjpg;G:
jpUkfs; mOj;jfk;> Rd;dhfk;.
tpiy &gh: 25-00
tho;j;Jiu
Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd;
M.A.Ph.D
JizNte;ju;>
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
<oj;Jj; jkpopay; njhlu;ghf aho;;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ijf; fskhff; nfhz;L eilngw;WtUk; gy;NtW epiyfspyhd Ma;Tfs; xd;W. “tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk;” vd;w jiyg;gpyhd E}yhf cUg;ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpo;j; Jiwj;Jiz tpupTiuahsuhd jpU. v];. rptypq;fuh[h mtu;fs; jkJ rpwg;Gf; fiykhzpg; gl;lj;Nju;tpd; xU gFjpia epiwTnra;Ak;nghUl;L Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpd; NgW ,J.
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; tlfpof;Fg; gpuNjrkhfpa “tlkuhl;rp” <oj;Jj; jkpo;g; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fupa rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; gytw;iwj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;lJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw MfpaJiwg; gl;bdq;f@lhfj; jkpo;ehl;LlDk; fpof;fpyq;ifAlDk; njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;s ,g; gpuNjrk;> mj;njhlu;ghy <oj;Jj; jkpo;g; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F Mw;wpAs;s gq;fspg;G tpupthd Ma;f;FupaJ. rkaj;JiwapYk; nkhopj;JiwapYk; Gfo;G+j;j mwpQu; ngUkf;fis cUthf;fpa rpwg;G mk;kz;Zf;FupaJ. “khathjJk;rNfhsup” vdTk;> “mj;Jtpj rpj;jhe;j kNfhj;jhuzu;” vdTk; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fisg; ngw;wtUk;> jpU.tp. fy;ahzRe;ju Kjypahupd; Mrpupau; ngUkhDkhfpa eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isAk;> <oj;jpd; KjyhtJ jkpo;f; fyhepjp vd;w rpwg;Gf;Fupa Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;isAk; ,k;kz;zpNy Njhd;wpatu;fnsd;gJ <z;L epidT$Wjw;FupaJ. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gkpf;f ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; mjd; tpisTfspnyhd;whd ,yf;fpatsj;ijAk; fz;lwpAk; Kaw;rp ,e;E}ypy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehd;F ,ay;fspy; mikAk; ,e;E}ypd; KjyhtJ ,ay; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; Gtpapay;> tuyhW> nghUspay;> gz;ghl;bay; vd;git njhlu;ghd nghJ mwpKfkhf mikfpd;wJ.
,uz;lhk; ,ay; ,g; gpuNjrj;jpd; tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupaj;ij Muha;fpd;wJ. ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;> $j;JkuG> rpW nja;t topghl;L kuG Mfpa ,it njhlu;ghd mupa jfty;fs; gy jpul;bj;jug;gl;Ls;sd. $j;JkuG vd;w tifapNy ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; mz;zhtpkuG njhlu;ghfj; jug;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfs; NkYk; tpupthd Ma;tpid mthtpepw;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf m;z;zhtp Mo;thu; vdg;gLk; vk;.tP. fpU];zho;thu; Kjypa rpyuJ tuyhWfs; jdpE}y;fshf vOjg;glNtz;ba msT tplag;gug;Gilait.
%d;whtJ ,ay; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpid Muha;fpwJ. FUFy Kiwapyhd jpz;izf; fy;tp kuG> Inuhg;gpau; njhlu;gpyhd ghlrhiyf; fy;tp kuG Mfpa ,U tiffspYk; ,q;F vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; cUthfp tsu;e;jik gw;wpa gy jfty;fs; ,t;tpaypNy jpul;bj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. fy;tpKiwfs;> fy;tp gapy;fsfq;fs;> fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; vOj;jpyf;fpaKk; Mfpa Jizj;jiyg;Gf;fsy; mikAkpt;tpaNy ,t;tha;T E}ypd; rhuhk;rkhd gFjpahFk;. aho;g;ghzg; ngUepyj;jpd; nghJthd vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; tlkuhl;rpapd; mg;ghuk;gupak; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tpf;$lq;fis epWtpatu;fspd; tupirapNy tlkuhl;rpapd; gs;su; r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j jpU.fh.R+ud; mtu;fsJ gzp ,q;F jdpf;ftdj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. \rhjpkhd;fSf;Fk;\ fpwp];jt gpurhufu;f;Fk; vjpuhfj; Njtiuahsp irttpj;jpah rhiyia (gpd;du; Njtiuasp ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up) epWtpa md;dhuJ gz;Gk; gzpAk; tpupthd Ma;Tf;Fupa tplag;gug;Gilad. ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> rkak;> jj;Jtk; Mfpa Jiwfspw; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatu;fshd cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg;Gytu;> Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkpf; Fuf;fs;> Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs;> GNyhyp t. fzgjpg;gps;is> GNyhyp t. FkhuRthkpg;Gytu;> fe;jKUfNfrdhu;> eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;is> irtg; ngupahu; rptghjRe;judhu;> Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is Kjypa ngUkf;fsJ gzpfs; njhlu;ghf ,t;tpaypw; Rl;lg;gLk; mk;rq;fs; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk; gupaj;jpdJk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpdJk; nrOikiag; GygLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tu;fs; tsj;jpdJk; nrOikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdp Muhag;glNtz;ba jifikAilaNthuhtu;.
<oj;jpd; Vda gpuNjrq;fSlDk; jkpo; ehl;LlDk; tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrk; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs; – rpwg;ghff; fy;tp rhu; njhlu;Gfs; - “tlkuhl;rpAk; gpwgFjpfSk;|| vd;Dk; jiyg;gpyhyhd ehd;fhk; ,aypy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. fpof;fpyq;if je;j jkpo;g; NguwpQu;fshd jkpo;j;Jiw Kjw; Nguhrpupau; Rthkp tpGyhde;ju;> Gytu;kzp ngupajk;gpg;gps;is> tpj;Jthd; f. G+ghygps;is Kjypatu;fsJ fy;tpf;F tpj;jpl;Nlhu; tlkuhl;rpiar; rhu;e;Njhnud;gJ ,t;tpaypw; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
mNjNghy kfhftp Rg;gpukzpaghujpapd; FUthd aho;g;ghzj;Jr; Rthkp vdg;gLk; mUsk;gyk; vd;ghu; tlkuhl;rpiar; rhu;e;jtu; vd;gJk; epidTf;F ,l;Ltug;gLfpd;wJ.
eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;;is> t. fzgjpg;gps;is> ‘,aw;wkpo;g; Nguhrpupau;| ty;;it r. itj;jpypq;fk;gps;is MfpNahu; jkpo; ehl;by; Mw;wpa gzpfSk; mtw;whw; ngw;w rpwg;Gk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
E}ypy; ,Wjpapy; mikAk; mDge;jk; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpw;Fk; gq;fspg;G nra;jtu;fsJ tpguj;jpul;lhf mikfpwJ.
,e;E}ypd; Mrpupauhd jpU. rptypq;fuh[h mtu;fs; <oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpNy rpwg;G <LghLnfhz;ltu;. rp. it. jhNkhjuk;gps;is. kfhtpj;Jthd; rp. fNzirau;> Rd;dhfk; m. FkhuRthkpg;Gytu; MfpNahuJ jkpo;g;gzpfs; gw;wpj; jdpf;ftdk; nrYj;jptUgtu;. ,tuJ rp.it jhNkhjuk;gps;is gw;wpa rpWE}y; Kd;dNu ntspte;jJ. mLj;J ,e;E}y; ntsptUfpd;wJ.
<oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpak; njhlu;ghfTk; mjw;F mbg;gulahd r%f – ghz;ghl;L tuyhW njhlu;ghfTk; fw;f tpioNthUf;F – rpwg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa kuig mwpa tpioNthUf;F – gad;glj;jf;f xU E}yhf ,J mikfpwJ. jpU. rptypq;fuh[h mtu;fsu; Ma;Tg;gzp NkYk; tsu Cf;fkspg;gJ jkpo; Mhtyu;fsJ fldhFk;.
mzpe;Jiu
Nguhrpupau; M.NYg;gps;is
P.h.D. (Cey.), D. Phl. (Oxon)
jiytu;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
aho;;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
jpUney;Ntyp> aho;g;ghzk;.
,yq;if kz;zpNy jkpopdj;Jf;Fupa cupk gpw ,dj;Jf;Fupa cupikapYk; vt;tifapYk; Fiwe;jjhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;w mgpyhir> fle;j Rkhu; mWgJ Mz;Lfshf ,yq;if murpaypNy jkpou; gpur;rpid\\iaj; Njhw;Wtpj;J tUfpwJ. jkpoUila murpay; Nfhupf;iffs; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; NtWgl;L tUfpwNghjpYk;> mit ahtw;Wf;Fk; mbehjkhf tpsq;FtJ jkpopdj;jpd; rkcupikf; Nfhupf;ifNa. rpq;fs ,dk; jdJ tuyhw;iwAk; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; XusT njspthf tpsq;Fk;gb Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J te;Js;sJ. ,yq;ifj; jkpo;[dk; ,yq;if kz;Nzhnlhl;ba jdJ tuyhw;iwAk; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; kdpj;Jtr; rpwg;NghL vLj;Jg; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J epiyepWj;JtjpNy jtwptpl;lJ.
,yq;ifj; jkpopdk; “tuyhw;W ,y;yhj jkpou;|| “ghuk;gupak; ,y;yhj jkpou;|| vd;w mtJ}Wfis vjpu;j;jug;ghuplkpUe;J Vw;fNtz;ba epiyapy; ,Uf;f;pwJ. ,yq;ifj; jkpopdj;jpd; tuyhw;iwj; Jyf;fkilar; nra;tjw;F ,d;W gyJw mwpQu;fs; gy;NtW topfspy; Kad;WtUfpd;wdu;. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jj; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; cjtp tpupTiuahsuhff; flikahw;Wk; rptypq;fuhrhtpd; ,r; rpWE}Yk; ,t;tifapNy Nghw;wg;glNtz;ba xU Kaw;rpNa. mtu; jkpo;r; rpwg;Gf;fiy tFg;gpNy khztdhf ,Ue;jNghJ vOjpa fl;Liu rpwpa tpupthf;fk; ngw;W ,g;nghOJ E}YUg;ngWfpwJ.
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bw;Ws;Sk; tlkuhl;rp rpy mk;rq;fspNy jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j gFjpahfj; jpfo;fpwJ. tlkuhl;rpapNy rpwe;j fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; epytptYfpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;LtjpNy> E}yhrpupau; ntw;wpngw;Ws;shu;. vdpDk; Muha;r;rp njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> ,r; rpWE}y; ngUE}yhf ,lkpUf;fpwJ. fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; kl;Lky;yhJ tlkuhl;rpj; jkpou; ghuk;gupankd E}y; tpuptile;jhy;> gad;kpf;f E}nyhd;W Njhd;w ,lkpUf;fpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpg; ghuk;gupak; tlkuhl;rpapy; ,d;Ws;s fy;tpjhd;fSf;Nf Kw;WKOtjhfj; njupatuhJ. gy ,lq;fspYk; gytifj; jfty;fisj; NjbNa> mtw;wpd; Jiznfhz;L> tlkuhl;rpg; ghuk;gupak; Muha;r;rp fhzg;glNtz;ba epiyapYs;sJ. tlkuhl;rpg; ghuk;gupak; njspTngw;why;> mjf; fz;lwpag; gad;gl;l topKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp> aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; gpw gFjpg; ghuk;gupaq;fis Muha;e;J fhzyhk;. ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ,dj;jpd; ghuk;gupaj;j Muha;e;J fhzyhk;. ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ,dj;jpd; ghuk;gupaj;ij Muha;e;J fhz> aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;Lg; ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp cjTk; vd;gJ nrhy;ypj; njupaNtz;bajpy;iy.
rptypq;fuhrhtpd; rpWE}y; “fhyj;jpd; Njit||ia xl;b ntsptUfpwJ. ,jw;F kf;fspilNa ey;y tuNtw;G ,Ue;jhy; tlkuhl;rpj; jkpou; ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa ngUE}iy mtu; vOJtjw;F mJ J}z;Ljyhf mikAk;. me;j tuNtq;G ,yq;ifj; jkpou; ghuk;gupaj;ijg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; Muha;tjw;F mwpQu;fspd; ftdj;ijj; jpUg;GtjhfTk; mikAk;.
Kd;Diu
<oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wha;tpw; Fwtl;lg; gpuNjr Ez;zha;YfSf;fhf Njit. mZFKiw – xU Fwpg;G.
Nguhrpupau; fhu;j;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp
jkpo;j;Jiw>
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
aho;g;ghzk;.
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j;Jiwapd; rpwg;Gg; gl;ljhup tFg;G khztu;fs; jkJ ,Wjp tUlj;jpw; fl;lhakhfr; rku;g;gpf;fNyz;na Ma;Tf; fl;Liunahd;W ,g;nghOJ ,e;E}y; tbtpy; ntsptUfpwJ. jkpo;j;Jiwapd; ,d;iwa cjtp tpupTiuahsu;fspy; xUtuhf tpsq;Fk; jpU. rpjk;gug;gps;is rptypq;fuh[h ,jd; Mrpupau;. jpU. rptypq;fuh[htpd; ,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mr;Rg; gjpTf;F Kd;dNu gyuhy; ehlg;ngw;W thrpf;fg; ngw;w xd;whFk;. tlkuhl;rp gw;wpa ,f;fl;LiuNghd;W> njd;kuhl;rp gw;wpAk; Xu; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOJtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
<oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gpujhd gpuNjrf; $Wfshf mikgit aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G> td;dp> kiyafk; vd;gdthFk;. ,tw;Ws; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fhuzkhf mJNt “Nkyhz;ik|| Aila <oj;Jj; jkpo;g; gpuNjrkhff; fzpf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. aho;g;ghzj;Jg; ghuk;gupaq;fNs <oj;jpd; (jkpo;g;) ghuk;gupaq;fshfg; Nghw;Wk; xU kdepiy ,d;Dk; rpyupilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thW ‘tpje;J| $wg;gLk; aho;g;ghzj;jpDs;Sk; aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;bd; nghJj; jd;ikapd; mq;fq;fshfTk; mNjNtisapy; jkf;nfd xU jdpj;JtKila cggz;ghLfshfTk; tpsq;Fk; myFfs; cs;sd. tlkuhl;rp> njd;kuhl;rp> jPTg; gFjp vd;gdtw;iwAk; aho;g;ghzg; gl;bdj;jpDs; tUk; tz;zhu; gz;iziaAk; cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;.
aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;bd; ,d;wpaikahj XJ myfhf tpsq;Fk; tlkuhl;rpg; gpuptpd; ,yf;fpaj; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd %yq;fisAk;> mf mikg;Gf;fisAk; mtw;wpd; topahf ntspte;j ,yf;fpa ntspg;ghLfsAk; gUtiuthfr; Rl;LtNj ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liuapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fhFk;.
aho;;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;L tl;lj;jpDs; tlkuhl;rpg; gpupTf;Fr; rpy kdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs; cs;sd. kw;iwa gpupTfSld; xg;gpl;L Nehd;Fk; nghOJ ,g; gpuNjrj;jpy; ghuk;gupaj;ijg; gioikNgz; czu;Tld; NgZkNj Ntisapy; NkNyhq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisj; jUk; Gikia xJf;fhJ gad;gLj;Jk; xU fUj;J epiyAk; tplhKaw;rpg; gz;Gk; epyTtijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; gpuNJr Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fy;tpj;JiwapYk; mjd; fhuzkhf cj;jpNahfj;JiwapYk; czug;gl;lJ. ty;iy xU Gwj;jpYk; cg;Gf;fly; kWGwj;jpYkhf ,g;gpuNjrj;Jf;Ff; fpilj;j xU Gtpapay; xJf;fw;ghLk; rpy jdpj;Jtkhd r%fg; gz;Gfs; njhlu;e;J Ngzg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
xU gpuNjrg; ghuk;gupaj;jpDs; xU gpuptpd; gz;ghl;L mirtpaf;fk; vt;thW mike;Js;sJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJk; mt;tpsf;fj;jpd; topahf aho;g;ghzg; ghuk;gupaj;ij mjd; gFjpepiyapYk; KoepiyapYk; mwpe;J nfhs;tJNk ,e;j Ma;T Kaw;rpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,J Kw;W Kojhf Kjw;gl;lepiygl;l khzt Kaw;rpahfNt njhlf;fg;gl;lnjdpDk; Ma;thsupd; MhtKk; Nehf;F Kjpu;r;rpAk; ‘rpwpJ NtWgl;l Mokhd|| Ma;Tf;F ,lkspj;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhfr; rpwynewpKiwg; gpur;rpidfs epd;W vjpu;Nehf;Fk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
jpU. rptypq;fuh[h ,e;j Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ ,U Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. KjyhtJ ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ ahJ? mJ ve;epiyg;gl;lJ vd;gjhFk;. xU gFjpapd; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kiwik gw;wpa njsptpUj;jy; mj;jpahtrpakhFk;. ,yf;fpa cw;gj;jp gw;wpa njsptpy;yhtpbd; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa njsptpy;yhJ Ngha;tpLk;. ,uz;lhtJ ,yf;fpak; gw;wp Nkw;nfhs;Sk; fUj;Jikjpf;F (fUJ NfhSf;F) mika> mg;gFjpapd; rfy ,yf;fpa ntspg;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;w Xu; mZF Kiwia epWtpf; nfhs;SjyhFk;.
,e;j ,uz;L gpur;rpidfisAk; vjpu;Nehf;fpa nghOJ mJ ehs;tiu tof;fpypUe;J te;j “ahu; vjid vOjpdhu;|| vd;w Mrpupau; (Gytu;) epiyg;gl;l Nehf;F ,e;jg; gpur;rpidfisg; Gwq;fhz;gjw;F gad;glhJ vd;gJ njupate;jJ. gpuNjrg; gpuptpd; jdpj;Jtq;fisAk; mtw;Wf;Fk; Mrpupaupd; Mf;f Msikf;FKs;s Clhl;lj;ijAk; me;j Nehf;F ntspf;nfhzuhJ.
NkYk;> ,e;j Ma;tpd; Nehf;Fg; gFjp gw;wpa Ez;zha;T %yk; KOikapd; Nfhsg; nghypitj; njspTgLj;jpf; nfhs;tNjahd;ikahy; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; kWgpupTfis tpl ,g;gpuptpid cau;e;jjhf typAWj;Jk; vz;zKk; njhopw;gl KbahJ Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,e;jf; Fwtl;lg; gpupT Nkd;ik thjKk; ghuk;gupa topg;gl;lNjahFk;. tud; Kiwahd Ma;tpNy mj;jifa kdg;Nghf;Ff;fSf;F vd;Wk; ,lk; fpilahJ.
,f;fl;lj;jpNyjhd; ,d;W r%f tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; “gUepiy – Ez;;epiy Ma;T Kiwik|| apid (Macro and micro level studies) mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;bajhapw;W. xt;Nthu; Ma;Tj; Jiwf;Fk; mjd; nghUs; xOw;Ff;Nfw;g ,t;tha;T Kiwik ifahsg; gLnkdpDk; ,jd; mbg;gilahd gz;G> Ez;epiy Ma;Tfspd; %yk; ngwg;gLtdtw;wpidf; nfhz;L gUepiyg; gz;Gj; njhFg;gpidr; nra;tJk;> gz;Gfs; Ez;epiyapy; vt;thwhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;w ghu;g;gJkhFk;. xU ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugwq;fshf ,it njhopw;gLk;.
,Nj Ez;epiy Ma;T Kiwikapid <oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wha;tpd; ghw;gLj;jp Nehf;fpdhy;> tlkuhl;rpgw;wpa Ma;T ,uz;L tplaq;fis mwpa cjTtjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
1. ,e;jg; gpupT kl;lj;jpy; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cw;gj;jp> tpepNahfk;> Efu;T mikAk; Kiwikia mwptjd; %yk; <oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa Koikapd; myFfs; vt;thW Njhd;wp KoikahfpAssd vd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;; ,e;jg; gpupTf;Fk; kw;iwa gpupTfSf;FKs;s Clhl;lk; gw;wpa mwpTk; ,jw;Fs; mlq;Fk;.
2. gUepiy Ma;T kl;lj;jpu; nghJg;gz;Gfs; vd;W $wg;gLgit ,e;j Ez;zpiy Ma;tpd;nghOJ ve;j msTf;F ,iaGiladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jy;.
,e;j mbg;gilapd; gpur;rpidia mZfKidAk;nghOJ> juTfsAk;> jfty;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;F Kiwapy; (mj;jpaha tupirapy;) mikf;fNtz;b Vw;gl;lJ. Kjypy; ,g;gpuptd; r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia epWtp mLj;J ,yf;fpaj;jpid tha;nkhop vOj;Jg; ghuk;gupaq;fSf;fpiaa tFj;J Nehf;fp ,Wjpahf ,g;gpuptpd; ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfs; vt;thW <oj;Jj; jkpo;; ,yf;fpa KoikAld; ,izfpd;wd vd;gJ fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;Nthu; mj;jpahaj;jpDs;Sk; tplag; guprPyid gFf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwik mt;tj;Jiwapd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ntspf;nfhzUjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf “vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak;|| vd;Dk; jyg;gpy; fy;tpKiwfs;> fy;tpgapy; fsq;fs;> jpz;izg;gs;spf;$lq;fs;> ngz; fy;tp> epWtd uPjpagd Kaw;rpfs;> fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; vOj;jpyf;fpaKk;> gj;jpupiffs;> Nfhapw; gjpfq;fs;> ruk ftpfs;> ,yf;fz kuG> Guhzgldk; vd;gd vLj;J Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;thW tud;Kiwahd Gyik epiyg;gl;l Ma;tpd; nghOJ jhd; ekf;F njupahjit vj;jidNah cs;sd vd;gJ njupatUk;. mj;Jld; jftw; gJf;fy; vj;Jiz r%ftpNuhjkhd nray; vd;gJk; ,t;thwhd Muha;r;rpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghOJjhd; njupatUk;. jftiyg;ngWk; ,lk; gw;wpa tptuq;fis xspf;fhJ vLj;Jf;$Wk; Ma;T Neu;ik Muha;r;rpahsDf;F Ntz;Lk;. me;j Neu;ikaw;wtid Muha;r;rpahsd; vd;W $wNt $lhJ. Mdhy;> jftw;gJf;fw;fhuu; $Wk; jk; jftiyg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;shj gl;rj;jpy; Muha;r;rpahsdpd; ,Wjp KbGfs; jtwhditahf ,lKz;L vd;gijAk; czuy; Ntz;Lk;. ‘Nghl;Nlh]; uhw;| Afj;jpYk; Vl;Lr; Rtbf; fhyg; gfpu;nthJf;f kdg;ghd;ik $lhJ. jpU rptypq;fuh[h ,j;jifa ,lu;g;ghLfis vjpu;Nehf;fpaJ vdf;Fj; njupAk;. ngw;w jfty;fisg; ngUe;jd;ikAld; vLj;Jf; $whjtu;fshYk;> jftw; gJf;fw; fhuu;fspdhYk; <oj;jpd; ,yf;fpaj;Jiw Muha;r;rp Kaw;rpfs; gy Klq;fpAs;sd. cz;ikahd kPs;fz;L gpbg;Gfs; jhkjkhfpf; nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd.
jpU rptypq;fuh[htpd; ,r;rpW E}y; ,j;Jiwapy; vkJ jkpo;j;Jiw topg;gLj;jpa Kjy; Kaw;rpfspy; xd;whFk;. ,J xU Koikahd Ma;T vd;W Kd;itf;fg;glTkpy;iy. Mdhy;> ,J vkJ ghuk;gupaq;fspd; Ma;Tf;fhd rhj;jpag; ghl;bid vLj;Jf;fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ. ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; rKjhaj;Jf;FKs;s cwTfs;> njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpg; NgRtJ ,d;W ngUtof;fhfpAs;sJ. ,e;j Ma;T rKjhaj;jpDs;spUe;J ,yf;fpa Kfpo;f;Fk; tifapid (Literature in Society) gpz;lg; gpuhkhzkhd Xu; Ma;tpd; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;l Kidfpd;wJ. ,Jnt> ,jd; gykhFk;.
,J gytPdq;fsw;wJ vd;W $wtpy;iy. tlkuhl;rpapd; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; vd;gNj Muhag;lg;Ls;sjhy; <oj;jpd; etPd jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; <oj;J etPd jkpopyf;fpag; gz;GUthf;fj;jpy; tlkuhl;rp gw;wpa rpj;pupg;Gk;> tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j vOj;jhsu;fspd; (tlkuhl;rpr; R+oyhy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l) Nehf;F KiwAk; vj;Jiz ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd vd;gJ Muhag;glhJ Ngha;tpl;lJ. ‘tlkuhl;rp| vd;gJ fUj;J epiyapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l “kdepiy||Ak; Nehf;F KiwAk; Mfk;. Ma;Tf; fl;Liu ghuk;gupakhd aho;g;ghzj;J ,yf;fpa kuG vd vLj;Jf; $wg;gLk; kUGtl;lj;ijNa tiuaiwahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tplaj;ij vLj;Jf; $wpAs;s njspT fhuzkhfr; rptypq;fuh[h ghuhl;Lf;Fupatuhfpwhu;. ,r;rpW E}y; mtu; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s Muha;r;rp tho;f;ifapd; Kjw; ngWNgNw. ,J jUk; Cf;fj;ijj; Jizahff; nfhz;L mtu; jk; Nehf;ifAk; Kaw;rpiaAk; Mo> mfyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;Ntz;Lk;.
vkJ Jiwapd; r%fg; gad;ghL czug; gLtjw;fhd cjhuzkhf ,e;E}iyf; nfhs;tjpy; jtwpy;iy jtwpy;iy vdf; fUJfpNwd;. ,j;jifa jpUg;jpfs; jhd; vk;ik Cf;Ftpg;git. ,e;E}iy ntspapLtjw;F Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s jpU. M. NjtuhrDf;F ed;wp.
XNfh............... ,J mbg;gilapy; xU tlkuhl;rp ‘tpisahl;Lj; jhNd| vd;Wk; $wg;gLk; vd;gJ NjtuhrDk; rptypq;fuh[hTk; ehDk; “tlkuhl;rpahq;fs;|| vd;gJ cz;ikNa. ,g;gbahfr; rpy “mfo;T Ma;Ts;|| gz;ZtJk; <oj;J ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaw;fSs; xd;W; Mdhy;> vOj;jpw; nghwpf;fg;glhjJ!
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<oj; jkpou; tuyhw;wpy; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjp jdJ jdpj;Jtkhd Kj;jpiuiag; gjpj;jpUf;fpwJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L <oj;Jf;Fupau; vd;w fUj;jpid gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu; $wpapUf;fpwhu;. ,Nj fUj;jpid “gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Lj;jkpo; ,yf;fpak;|| vd;w mupa Ma;T E}iyj; je;j kapiy rPdpNtq;flrhkp mtu;fSk; Vw;W typAj;jp ,Uf;fpwhu;.
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpf;F <ok; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; mspj;j gq;fspg;G xU nghw;fhyj;ij> jpUg;G Kidia Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL mikahJ. <oj; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;Jf;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhy;Nfhs; nfhz;Ls;s tuyhw;W cz;ikAk; kdq;nfhs;sj; jf;fJ. ,e;jg; gq;fspg;gpy; tlkuhl;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gf;fzprkhdJ.
,yf;fpak;> ehlfk;> kUj;Jtk;> fy;tp Kjyhd gy;NtW Jiwfspy; tlkuhl;rpf;Fj; jdpg; ghuk;gupak; cz;L. xU nkhopapd; tsu;r;rpf;F msTNfhyhf tpsq;FtJ mfuhjpj;Jiw tsu;r;rpahFk;. jkpopy; vOe;j mfuhjpfSs; %d;iw tlkuhl;rpapNa (Nkiyg;GNyhyp eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;is> GNyhyp rp.Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs;> cLg;gpl;b citkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is MfpNahu;) je;Js;sik episTnfhs;sj; jf;fJ. kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpd; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp citkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is mtu;fspd; mfuhjpapy; ,Ue;J tsu;r;rp ngw;wNjahFk;. ehlfj;Jiwapy; GNyhypapy; mWgJghiff; fpzw;iw mz;kpj;;j fiuae;Njhl;lf; fpuhkj;jpy; trpj;j mz;zhtp jhku; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l MWKfk; jhNkhjuk;gps;is mtu;fspd; ghuk;gupaKk; ePq;fhj epidtpYs;sit. mz;zhtp jhku; ghuk;gupak; ,d;W mUfptpl;l NghjpYk; khjidf; fpuhkj;Jg; ghuk;gupak; njhlu;e;J tsu;fpwJ.
,itjtpu> fhtb Ml;lk;> fuf Ml;lk;> fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; Kf;fpakhf kPdt kf;fs; fpuhkag; ghly;fs; Nghd;w JiwfspYk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fj; jdp ,lKz;L. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bYk;> mjw;F Kd;Gk;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapYk; <oj;jkpou; nghUsdhjhu tsu;r;rpapy; ty;ntl;bj;Jiw (ty;yp - gl;b - Jiw). JiwKfKk;> rpwg;ghfg; gUj;jpj;Jiwj; JiwKfk; mspj;j gq;fspg;G kwf;f Kbahjit.
xU Jiwapy; nghJ Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ> gpuNjrg; gq;fspg;Gfs; KOikahfg; gjpthtjpy;iy. ,t;tifapy; jkpo; ehl;bYk;> ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs kf;fs; gFjpapYk; gpuNjr Ma;Tfs; tsu;e;Js;s msTf;F ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fs; gFjpfspy; gpuNjr Ma;T tsu;r;rp ngwtpy;iy. Ma;tpd; %yk; mg;gFjpapd; gq;fspg;Gfis Koikahf gjpTnra;J nfhs;tJld;> me;jg;gFjpapd; gq;fspg;GfisAk;> ghuk;gupq;fisAk; ntspf;nfhzu;tjd; %yk; mit mUfptplhJ njhlu;tjw;F Gj;jhu;tk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tifapNy gpuNjr Ma;T Kf;fpaj;Jtgk; ngWfpwJ.
,e;j tifapy; jpU. v];. rptypq;fuh[h mtu;fs; “tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk;|| vd;w gpuNjr Ma;it Kd;itj;Js;shu;. mtu; aho; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo; tpupTiuahsu; – jd; Ma;Tfs; %yk; jkpo; $W ey;YyFf;F mwpKfkhdtu;; tsu;e;JtUk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd Ma;thsu;. mtuu; ,e;j Ma;T KbTfis ehYUtpy; ntspapLtjpy; ehk; epiwT fhz;fpNwhk;. ,e;j Ma;T> E}YUg; ngW Kd;dNu> KJfiy khzpg; gl;lj;Jf;F Ma;T nra;Nthu; cl;glg; gy;NtW Ma;T nra;NthUf;F Jizahfp Cd;W Nfhyhf mike;Js;sJ vd;gJ Ma;Tyfk; mwpe;j cz;ik. vdNt ,e;E}y; gy;fiiyf;fof GFKf khztu; Kjy; gy;NtW Jiw Ma;thsu;fSf;Fk; MtyUf;Fk; gad;gLk; ife;E}yhf mikAk; vd;gjpy; vkf;F ek;gpf;if cz;L.
,e;E}iy ntspapLtjw;F gze; Njitnad;W ehk; Nfl;lNghJ> ngupJtf;fj; jd;id <d;w md;idapd; ngauhy; ,e;E}iy ntspapl kdKte;J gzk; je;j. jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L Mtydha; fyh ,urpfdha; ,Ue;J> ,d;W jkpo;g; Gutydha;j; jpfo;fpd;w md;gu; fuit Nt. ghyRg;gpukzpak; mtu;fSf;F vq;fs; ePq;fhj ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
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,e;E}Yf;fhd gjpg;Giuia ehd; vOjp Vwj;jho Xu; Mz;L KbTWfpwJ. mr;R Ntiyfs; njhlq;f Kd;djhf fle;J [{iy td;nray;fSk; mtw;wpd; njhlu;fijfSk; fd;ndQ;irAk; cUf itf;Fk; jd;ikadthf mike;Js;sd. ,f;fhy ,ilg;ghl;by; ,e;E}iy mr;Nrw;w KbahJNgha;tpl;ljw;F tUe;JfpNwhk;. ,g;NghJ cq;fs;Kd; ,e;E}y; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
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ehd; ,Wjp Mz;L khztdhf ,Ue;j NghJ vdf;Fupa Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; jiyg;igj; njupT nra;Ak;gb Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp gzpj;jhu;. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW rhu;e;j xU tplaj;ij vdJ Ma;Tj;Jiwahff; nfhs;s MtYilNad; v;d;gij mtuplk; njuptpj;Njd;. mtNu ,t;tha;tpd; jiyg;igj; je;jhu;.
<oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW KOikahf Muhag;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ijAk;> mk;KOikahd Ma;Tf;Fg; gpuNjruPjpahd rpw;wpd Ma;T mj;jpahtrpakhdJ vd;gijAk; Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp typAWj;jp vd;id MrPu;tjpj;jhu;.
gl;lg;gbg;G khztndhUtdpd; guPl;irj; Njitapd; xU gFjpahd ,t;tha;Tf;fl;Liu ,d;W rpW E}yhf ntsptUfpd;wJ. mDgtk;> Kjpu;r;rp vd;git mjpfupf;f ,r;rpWfl;Liu xU E}yhf tpupayhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk; <oj;J ,yf;fpatuyhw;wpy; fzprkhd ,lj;ij tfpg;gij ,t;tha;tpd;NghJ fhzKbe;jJ.
<oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW Koikahf Muhag;gLk; nghOJ mjd; Xu; mj;jpahak; tlkuhl;rpiar; rhu;e;jjhf mikAk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;.
Kw;W KOjhd> G+uzkhd Ma;ntd;W ,jidf; nfhs;s KbahJ. ,J gl;lg;gbg;G khztndhUtdpd; guPl;irj;Njitapd; xUgFjp vd;gij Ma;thsu;fs; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. G+uzkhd Ma;it Nehf;fpa gazj;jpd; Muk;gnkd;Nw ,r;rpW E}iyf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
,d;W <oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW gw;wp Muha;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW jilfs; cs;sd. <oehl;bd; jkpowpQu;fspd;> Mf;fq;fisg; gzpfisg;gw;wpa tpguq;fis mtu;fspd; jiyKiwapy; te;jtu;fsplNkh> ,uj;j cwtpduplNkh ngwKbahjpUf;fpwJ.
ekJ ghuk;gupaj;jpd; gyj;ij epWtf;$ba rhd;Wfisg; Ngzpg;ghJfhf;Fk; \\tuyhw;Wg; Ngz; Kiwia|| ehk; ,d;Dk; G+uzkhff; iff;nfhs;stpy;iynad;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ehd; el;rj;jpuf;fzpg;G KiwAk;> rka> r%fr; rlq;fhrhuq;fSk;> gy jokpowpQu;fspd; [ddkuzf; fzpg;Gf;fisNa ghjpj;Js;sJ. ,j;jifa R+oypy; ,ad;wtiu Kad;W jfty;fisg; ngw;wpUf;fpNwd;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Gfo;G+j;j jkpowpQu; gyiug;gw;wpa tpguq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf mtu;fspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fSf;F> cwtpdu;fSf;Ff; fbjq;fs; vOjpNdd;. gyuplkpUe;J gjpNy fpilf;ftpy;iynad;gij kdtUj;jj;Jld; Fwpg;gpl;Nlahf Ntz;Lk;. rpyu; Mh;tj;Jld;> G+uzkhdJ vdf; fUjKbahtpbDk; jkf;Fj; njupe;jtplaq;fis vOjp mDg;gpdH. mtw;Ws; Njitahdtw;iw ,e;E}ypw; Nru;j;jpUf;fpNwd;.
tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j mwpQu; gyiu ehd; Neupw;fz;L crhtpa nghOJ> ,Jtiu ntsptuhj gyjfty;fis mtu;f;s je;Jjtpdu;. Fwpg;ghf> fyhepjp F. rptg;gpufhrk;> (GNyhyp) tPurpq;fk; Mrpupau; (Jk;gis) Vfuk;g%u;j;jp Mrpupau; (gUj;jpj;Jiw) gz;bju; rq;futapj;jpaypq;fd; (ty;ntl;bj;Jiw) M. jh. Rg;gpukzpak; Mrpupau; (Jd;dhiy) gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp (funtl;b) tpj;Jthd; Rg;gpukzpak; (GNyhyp) ePyfz;ld; Mrpupau; (cLg;gpl;b) jpUkjp kNdd;kzp rz;Kfjh]; (Jk;gis) Kjypahiur; Rl;bf; fhl;lhk;. ,tu;fSf;nfy;yhk; vd; ,jaG+u;tkhd ed;wpfs;.
gy;NtW NtiyfSf;F kj;jpapYk;> vd;kPJs;s md;gpdhYk;> tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYKs;s gw;wpdhYk; mofhd tho;j;Jiuia cldbahfNt vOjpAjtpa JizNte;ju; Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd; mtu;fSf;Fk;> E}iyg;gbj;Jg;ghu;j;J> mzpe;Jiu toq;fpa jkpo;j; Jiwj;jiytu; Nguhrpupau; M. NtYg;gps;isatu;fSf;Fk; vd;Wk; vd;ed;wpfs; ,Uf;Fk;.
NjitahdNghJ Njitahd cjtpfisf; ‘fhyNeuk;| ghuhJ ngUkdJld; nra;j Nguhrpupau; m. rz;Kfjh]; mtu;fSf;F vd;Wk; vd;ed;wpfs; cupaJ.
,e;E}yhf;fj;jpd;NghJ gyu; cjtpGupe;jdu;. gjpg;Gj;Jiwapy; mDgtk;kpf;ftuhd kapyq;$lY}u; gp. eluhrd; mtf;F thu;j;ijfshy; ed;wp $WtJ fbdk;. mtu; md;Gf;Fk;> el;Gf;Fk;> ed;wpf;FKupatu;. ty;ypGuf;Nfhtpy; kzy;Nkl;bidj; jd; ‘fkuhTf;Fs;| rpiwg;gpbj;J> mofhd ml;ilg; glkhf;f vjtpa fyhepjp ngh. ,uFgjpf;Fk;> tlkuhl;rpapd; tiu glj;ij tiue;Jjtpa> Gtpapaw;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j nry;tp e. NjtuQ;rpjj;jpw;Fk;> ‘GW}t;| ghu;g;gNjhL khj;jpukd;wp thf;fpa mikg;Gf;fspYk; jpUj;jk;Ntz;ba tplj;Jr; Rl;bf;fhl;bj; jpUj;j cjtpa Mrpupau; f. fdfrpq;fj;jpq;Fk; vd;Wk; vdJ ,jaG+u;tkhd ed;wpfs;.
gy;NtW neUf;fbfSf;F kj;jpapYk; E}y; tpiutpy; ntsptuNtz;Lk; vd;w Mhtj;Jld; mauhJioj;j Rd;dhfk; jpUkfs; mOj;jf cupikahsu;> Copau;fs; midtUf;Fk; ed;wpAilNad;.
vd;id vOJk;gb Cf;Ftpj;Jk;> vOjpaij thrpj;J tpku;rpj;Jk;> vd;id cUthf;Fk; kidtp ru];tjpf;Fk; ed;wpfs;.
vdJ Ma;Tf; fl;Liuiaf; fUj;juq;fpy; Nfl;l ehs;KjyhfNt ,jid E}YUtpw; nfhz;LtuNtz;Lnkd;W mtuhJioj;j tlkuhl;rp fy;tp tl;lr; nrayu; M. NjruhrDf;Fk;> ,g;gjpg;Gf;fhd Kor; nryitAk; ifNaw;w fuit Nt. ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpw;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; vd;Wk; cupj;jhFf.
,t;thuha;r;rpf;fhd jiyg;igj;je;J> vd;id newpg;gLj;jp> ,f;fl;Liu rpwg;ghf mikaNtz;Lnkd;gjpy; fz;Zq; fUj;Jkhf ,Ue;jJ khj;jpukd;wpf; fdjpahd Kd;DiuiaAk; vOjpj;je;j Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp mtu;fSf;F vd;Wk; ed;wpAilNad;.
,t;thuha;r;rpia ehd; nra;Ak;nghOJ mbf;fb “QhNdhgNjrk; nra;Jk;> mupa E}y;fisg; ngUkdJld; je;Jk; Cf;fkspj;j vd; Nguhrhd; Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjpia ePu;ky;Fk; fz;fSld; epidT $WfpNwd;.
mwpKfk;
mikg;Gk; mZFKiwAk;
tlkuhrl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk; vd;w ,r;rpWE}y; ehd;F ,ay;fisf; nfhz;lJ. xU ehl;bd;> my;yJ gpuNjrj;jpd; tho;T jho;Tfisj; jPu;khdpg;gJ r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpNa MFk;. vdNt ,e;E}ypd; KjyhtJ ,ayhf tlkuhl;rpapd; r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp kpfr; RUf;fkhf Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpaypy; Gtpapay;> tuyhW> r%fk;> nghUspay;> nkhopepiy vd;w mk;rq;fs; “rpf;fdkhf|| ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpw;Fk; mbmj;jpthukhf tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupaNk mikfpwJ. vdNt ,t;tha;tpd; ,uz;lhtJ ,ayhf tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupak; Nehf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; ehl;Lg;ghly;fs;> $j;JkuG> rpWnja;t topghLfs; vd;w mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; vd;w %d;whtJ ,ay; ,e;E}ypd; Kf;fpakhd ,ayhf mikfpwJ vdyhk;. ,t;tpaypy; fy;tp Kiwfs;> fy;tp gapy;fsq;fs;> fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk;> vOj;jpyf;fpaq;fSk;> gj;jpupiffs;> ,yf;fzKaw;rpfs;> mfuhjpfs;> GuhzgldkuG vd;Dk; mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpatsj;jpidAk; Koikahf mwpa ,g;gFjp Vida gFjpfSld; nfhz;bUe;j fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd njhlu;Gfisr; Ruf;fkhfNtDk; mwptJ mtrpakhFk;. vdNt ,e;E}ypd; ehd;fhtJ ,ayhf tlkuhl;rpAk; gpwgFjpfSk; vd;w ,ay; mikfpwJ. ,t;tpaypy; tlkuhl;rpAk; Flhehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSk;> tlkuhl;rpAk; kl;lf;fsg;Gk;> tlkuhl;rpAk; njd;dpe;jpahTk; vd;Dk; mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
,Wjpahf ,f;fl;Liuapd; \\ghyk;|| fUjp mDge;jk; xd;W Nru;j;jpUf;fpNwd;. tlkuhl;rpapd; mwpQu;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdtu;fs; gw;wp kpfr; RUf;fkhf ,t;tDge;jj;jpw; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;tha;Tf;fl;Liu ,t;tbg;gilapNyNa mike;Js;sJ. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;NghL r%ftpaw; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;f Kad;wpUf;fpNwd;.
<oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW ,d;Dk; KOikahf Muhag;gltpy;iynad;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk; <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhw;iw KOikahf mwptjw;F xU rpwpjsthtJ cjtNtz;Lnkd;gNj. xU ehl;bd; ,yf;fpa tuyhW G+uzj;Jtk; ngwNtz;Lnkdpd; khtl;l uPjpahd> gpuNjrthupahd rpw;wpd Ma;T Ez;ikahf epfo;j;jg;glNtz;Lk;. fy;tpAk; ,yf;fpaKk; fhyj;jpd; Fuy;fshFk;. fhyj;Njitianahl;bNa ,t;tha;T epfo;fpd;wJ.
<oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; kl;Lk; Njq;fpepw;fpwJ vd;W nfhs;sKbahJ. Flhehl;bw;F ntspNa td;dp> kd;dhu;> kl;lf;fsg;G> kiyehL> njd;gFjpfs; vd;gtw;iwAk;> <oj;Jf;F mg;ghy; njd;dhl;ilAk; cs;slf;fpNa fhzg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;.
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;il itj;J Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l Muk;g fhy <oj;J ,yf;fpa> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaq;fs;$l KOikahff FlhehL KOikiaAk; Mokhf Nehf;ftpy;iynad;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ,e;j ,lj;jpNyjhd; gpuNjr uPjpahd rpw;wpd Ma;tpd; Njit Kd;ndOfpd;wJ. gpuNjrk;> gpuNjrkhff; fy;tp> ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaq;fs; Muhag;gl;lhy; gpd;G njhFj;J Nehf;Fk;nghOJ Koikahd xU tuyhw;iwf; fhz;gJ ,yFthFk; vd ek;gyhk;.
Flhehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk; rpwpJk; ngupJkhf fy;tpg; guk;gYk;> ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfSk; eilngw;Ws;sd. INuhg;gpau; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk;> ,yf;fpatsj;jpw;Fkhd MjhuG+u;tkhd juTfs; kpfr; nrhw;gkhfNt fpilj;Js;sd. nrtptopr; nra;jpfNs fy;tpg; ghuk;gupajjpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; mwpa cjTfpd;wd.
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapy; ePz;lNjhu; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaKkp> ,yf;fpa tsKk; epytpte;Js;sikiaAk> ,tw;wpd; mwhj; njhlu;r;rpahd vr;rnrhr;rq;fis ,d;W tiuAk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpapy; epytpa fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; r%ftpay; Nehf;fpy; Ma;tNj vdJ Nehf;fkhFk;. ntWkNd gl;bay;Nghl;Lf; fhl;lhJ fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpwFk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpwFkpilNa cs;s r%f cwtpidAk; ,g;ghuk;gupaj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; gq;fspg;gpidAk; gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfisAk; Muha Kw;gl;bUf;fpNwd;. fy;tp> epWtd uPjpahf ,af;fj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd; vt;thW tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; epytp te;jJ vd;gJk;> epWtd uPjpahd fy;tpj; njhlu;GfSf;Fk; Kd;ida fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;FkpilapNygl;l cwTk; khWjyfSk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; Muhag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. fy;tpf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; MjhukhAs;s r%f epiyg;ghLgw;wpNa mjpf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. xU gpuNjrjjpd; fy;tpAk; ,yf;fpaKk; me;jg; gpuNjrj;ij cyfshtpa GfOf;F cau;j;Jk; vd;w cz;ikiaAk; ehk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mwptpaYk;> mofpaYk; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;NjhL nfhz;bUe;j cwtpidAk; ,t;tha;tpd;NghJ fhzf;$baJu;F ,Ue;jJ.
,t;tha;T xU KOikahd Ma;thf mikahtpl;lhYk; xU gpuNjrj;jpd; fy;tp> ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;ij mwpa – mZf cjtpahf ,Uf;Fnkd;W ek;GfpNwd;.
nghUslf;fk;
gf;fk;
mikg;Gk; mZF KiwAk;
,ay; xd;W 1-9
1. r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
1 . 1 Gtpapay;
1 . 2 tuyhW
1 . 3 r%fk;
1 . 4 nghUspay;
1 . 5 rpy gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;
1 . 6 nkhopepiy
,ay; ,uz;L 10-19
2. tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupak;
2 . 1 ehl;Lg;ghly;fs;
2 . 2 $j;J kuG
2 . 3 rpWnja;t topghl;L kuG
,ay; %d;W 20-50
3. vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak;
3 . 1 fy;tp Kiwfs;
3 . 2 fy;tp gapy; fsq;fs;
3 . 3 fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;
3 . 4 fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; vOj;jpyf;fpa kuGk;
(m) Nfhapw; gjpfq;fs;
(M) rukftpfs;
(,) gj;jpupiffs;
(<) ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfs;
(c) mfuhkp Kaw;rpfs;
(C) Guhzgld kuG
,ay; ehd;F 51-58
1. tlkuhl;rpAk; gpwgFjpfSk;
4 . 1 tlkuhl;rpAk; Flhehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSk;
4 . 2 tlkuhl;rpAk; kl;lf;fsg;Gk;
4 . 3 tlkuhl;rp jkpo;ehL fy;tpj; njhlu;Gfs;
mDge;jk; 59-72
nghUs; ml;ltiz 73-80
(m) ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngWNthu;
(M) ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngWk; tlkuhl;rpapy; vOe;j E}y;fs;
crhj;Jiz 81-82
,ay; xd;W
r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
1 . 1. Gtpapay;
<oj;jpd; tlgFjpahd aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;nd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpahf tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ (glk; 1). ,g;gpuNjrk; tlkuhl;rp njw;F> Nkw;F cjtp murhq;f ,jpgu; gpupT> tlkuhl;rp fpof;F> tlf;F cjtp murhq;f mjpgu; gpupT vd ,uz;L epu;thfg; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;lg;Ls;sJ. epyg;gug;gtpYk; rdj;njhifapYk; Flhehl;bd; Kf;fpa gFjpfspy; xd;whf tlkuhl;rpg; gFjp mike;jpUf;fpwJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw Nghd;w gpurpj;jpngw;w JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fisAk;> fw;Nfhtsk;> mk;gd;> Flj;jid> ehfu;Nfhapy; Nghd;w njhd;ik tha;e;j fly;rhu; fpuhkq;fisAk;> Jk;gis> GNyhyp> my;tha;> tjpup> funtl;b> fuiztha;> Jd;dhiy> cLg;gpl;b> ty;ntl;b> njhz;lkdhW Nghd;w ghuk;gupag; gFjpfisAk;> ney;ypab Nghd;w tsu;e;JtUk; gl;bdq;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; Muha;tjw;F Kd;> tlkuhl;rpapd; Gtpapay;> tuyhW> r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyg;ghL> nkhopepiy Mfpa mk;rq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; RUf;fkhf Muha;jy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Gtpapay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;JlDk; ,yf;fpa tsj;JlDk; kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhd njhlu;GilajhFk;. jkpo; ehl;bw;F kpf mz;ikapYs;s gFjpahf tlkuhl;rp mike;jpUg;gjhy; njd;dpe;jpag; ghjpg;G kw;iwa ,lq;fis tplr; rw;W mjpfjhfNt ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gz;ilf; fhyj; jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk;nghOJ ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;Jf;Fk; GtpapaYf;Fk; cs;s cwtpid ed;F mwpayhk;. Rg;ghuht; $wpa “ftu;r;rp ikaj; jsq;fs;|| vd;w tiff;Fs; tlkuhl;rpapd; gy gFjpfs; mlq;Fjy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw Nghd;w ,lq;fs; ,f;ftu;r;rp ikaj;jsq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdit vdyhk;. INuhg;gpa tUifianahl;bAk; mjw;F Ke;jpa fyg;gFjpfspYk; ,t;tplq;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jd vd;gJk; tuyhw;Wz;ikahFk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Gtpapay; mikg;gpy; ty;iyntsp xU “rpW ghiy|| Nghy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. etPd Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd; ty;iyntspahw; gpuahzQ; nra;tJ kpfTk; fbdkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. kw;iwa gFjpfistpl tlkuhl;rpf;F xU jdpj;jd;ik cUthFtjw;F ,g; “ghiyntsp||apd; mikg;Gk; xU fhuzkhf mikayhk; vd vz;z ,lKz;L.
fly; rhu;e;j gFjpfistpl tlkuhl;rpapd; kw;iwa gFjpfspy; epytsk;> ePu;tsk; vd;gd khWgl;Lk; NtWglLk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;khWghl;bw;F ,iaTglNt ,g;gpuNjr kf;fspd; njhopy;fSk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;nUf;fpd;wd. ney;> Njhl;lg;gapu;r; nra;iff;Fupa gFjpfs; gutyhf ,g;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sd. kPd;gpb> cg;G tpistpj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fSk; Gtpapay; rhu;e;j nghUshjhu mk;rkhfNt mikfpd;wd. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J czTg; nghUl;fisAk; cg;gpidAk; Vw;wpr; nry;tjw;fhfNt njhz;lkhdhW ntl;lg;gl;lJ vd;w xU IjPfKk; cz;L. ,j;njhz;lkhdhw;wpd; njhlu;r;rp tlkuhl;rpia ClWj;J Vwj;jho mjd; me;jk;giu nry;fpd;wJ. ,ay;ghf mike;j guitf;flYld; ,ize;J ts;sk; nrd;W tuf;$bajhf ,J mike;jpUe;jjhk;. ,g;NghJk; ,g;gFjpfspy; Nfhil fhyj;jpy; cg;G ,aw;ifahfNt tpisfpd;wJ. khupfhyj;jpy; ,g;guitf; flypy; ctu; kPd;gpbj; njhopy;fs; eilngWtJz;L. ,g;guit flypd; ,U kUq;Fk; fs;sp> jhio> <Q;R Nghd;w gw;iwfSk; njhlu;e;J “fz;ly;|| fhL vd miof;fg;g;Lk; rpW rpW gw;iwf; fhLfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; tpwFj; NjitiaAk; Ntyp milf;Fk; “mykgy;||fisAk; ,f;fhLfNs <Lnra;fpd;wd vdyhk;.
,f;fhLfspy; Gyp> khd vd;gitfSk; trpj;jjhf mwpaf;fplf;fpd;wJ. xy;yhe;j Njrhjpgjpf;F tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapypUe;J gj;J khd; Njhy;fs; mDg;gg;gl;likAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ntspte;j “cjajhuif|g; gj;jpupifapy; ,g;gFjpapy; Gypfs; cytpajhfTk; nra;jpfs; ntspte;Js;sd. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; Gtpapay; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fNj.
,g;gFjpapy; nrk;kz;> eiukz;> ,Uthl;b (Gojp) Nghd;w kz;tiffNs gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kz;zpd; tsKk> tskpd;ikAK; kf;fspd; kdijAk;> njhopiyAk ghjpj;Js;sik mtjhdpf;ff;$baJ.
1 . 2 tuyhW
tlkuhl;rpapd; tuyhW kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhfTk; gpur;rpidf; FupajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fp.K. njhlf;fk; ,g;gFjp rpwe;J tpsq;fpaikfFk; ,uhrjhdpahf ,Ue;jikf;FKupa rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; tlkuhl;rp vd;w ngau; te;j tuyhW gw;wpg; gy;NtW fijfs; cz;L. tl kwtu; Ml;rp tlkuhl;rp MfpaJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdu;. <oj;jpd; tlgFjpahfpa njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j kwtu;fs; Ml;rp nra;j ,lnkd;W ,jw;F tpsf;fKq; $Wtu;. rhtfr;Nrupf;F mz;ikapYs;s kwtd;GyT vd;w ,lg; ngaiuAk; ,jw;Fg; gf;fj;Jizahfr; Rl;Ltu;. Mdhy; ,f;$w;W tuyhw;whjhuq;fSld; epWtg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy.
“flapk; nghj|| vd;w rpq;fs vy;iyg; Gj;jfj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kuhl;rpul;l vd;gJ
jw;fhyj;jpy; njd;kuhl;rp> tlkuhl;rp (khuhr;rp> kuhr;rp> kuhl;rp) vd;w ,U gpupTfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ||2
kuhr;rpul;l vd;gjd; jpupGk; tsu;r;rpAk; kuhr;rp vd khWgl;L mit gpd; tlnjd;gFjpfisf; Fwpj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;Jk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
18Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;j ifyhakhiyapy; tlkuhl;rp vd;w ngau; ,lk; ngwikAk; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. jkpo;f; FbNaw;wk; gw;wpf; $Wk; ifyhakhiyapy; GNyhyp vd;w ,lg;ngaNu Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. 3 tlkuhl;rpapy; Gytu;fSk; fy;tp tsKk; fhzg;gl;l gFjpfspy; GNyhyp tpje;Jiuf;ff;$baJ. tlkuhl;rpapy; tuyhw;NwhL njhlu;Gilajhff; $wg;gLk; rpq;ifefu;> Gl;lis> ,ikahzd;> rkughFNjtd; Fwpr;rp> MidtpOe;jhd;> Midg;ge;jp Nghd;w ,lg;ngau;fs; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tlkuhl;rpapd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ty;ypGuf; Nfhapiu mLj;j gFjpfNshL kpf neUf;fjhff; fhzg;gLtJ Nehf;fw;ghyJ. Kjypahu; Fy. rghehjd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
gUj;jpj;Jiwfzpj;jha; kzy; NkLfs; nghUe;jp apUf;fpd;w ty;ypGuNk G+u;tfhyr; rpq;if efuhFk; vd;gJ Kjypahu; ,uhrehafk; nfhz;l KbghFk;. ty;ypGuk; kzy; Fk;gpfSs; fhw;wbf;Fk; fhyq;fspy; my;yJ kio nga;Jtpl;lgpd; mNef gok; nghUl;fs; mfg;gLfpd;wd. mq;Nf gytplq;fspy; G+u;tfhyf; fyNthLfs;> fPr;Rf;fpl;lk;> mq;fpUe;J fiukhu;f;fkhfr; nrd;w ngupa tPjpapy; milahsq;fs; Kjypa ty;ypGuk; gz;nlhUehs; rpwe;j jiy efuha; tpsq;fpanjd ep\&gpf;fpd;wd. ,f;nfhs;ifiaNa ey;Y}u; Rthkp Qhdg;gpufhrk; Mjupj;J vOjpAs;shu;. 4
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ePz;lNjhu; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; Njhd;WtJ rhj;jpaNk. fp.gp. 1344 ,y; <oj;Jf;F te;j ,Gd; gj;J} jhtpd; $w;Wg;gb Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpapd; jiyefuk; “Gj;jy|| vd;gjhFk;. ,g;Gj;jyitg; gyu; Gj;jsk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtu;. Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is mg;Gj;jy vd;Dk; ,lk; ,g;Ngh Gl;lis vd toq;Fk; ,lnkdf; fUJtu;.
Gj;jy vd;gJ Gj;jskhf ,Uf;fKbahJ. “rpq;if efu;|| vdf; $wg;gLk; ty;ypGuf;Fwpr;rpf;F mzpj;jhAs;s Gl;lis vd ,g;NghJ toq;Fk; fpuhkNk ,g;Gj;jyth ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk; ,t;tur guk;giuapdiur; rpw;ifahupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;ghd;> Gl;lis rpq;ifapd; xU gFjp. rpq;ifnad;Dk; gFjp fp.gp. 3Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; fPu;j;jptha;e;j ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;Fr; rhd;W ty;ypGuj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l nghd;Ndl;Lr; rhrdk;. md;wpAk; mq;F gy fl;blq;fSk;> Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fSk; mope;njhope;J kz;zhy; %lg;gl;bUg;gij mq;F nry;Nthu; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. mj;Jld; ,jd; mUNf xU ngUe;JiwAk; cs;sJ. mq;fpUe;J fg;gy;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;jd ,g;nghOJk; mj;Jiwiaf; fg;gw;Wiw vd miog;gu;. 5
,t;thW tuyhw;Wg; goikAk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; cila xU gpuNjrj;jpy; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; epd;W epiyf;fTk; ,yf;fpak; tsk;ngw;W tsuTk; tha;g;Gz;nld;W fUjKbAk;.
tlkuhl;rp vd;w gpupTk;> nrhw;gpuNahfKk; aho;g;ghz kd;du; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jikf;fhd ehd;Wfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> aho;g;ghz kd;du;fspd; epu;thfg; gpupTfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa gwq;fpau; aho;g;ghzj;ij epu;tfpj;jdu; vdTk; mwpaf;fplf;fpd;wJ.
gwq;fpau; jkpourupd; guk;giuahd Kiwfisg; ngUk; ghYk; khw;whJ iff;nfhz;ldu;. murhl;rp tpraj;jpy; aho;g;ghz ehL Kd;NghyNt typfhkk;> njd;kuhl;rp> tlkuhl;rp> gr;rpiyg;gs;sp vd;Dk; ehd;F gpupTfis cilajha; ,Ue;jJ.|| 6
vd;w Fwpg;gpd;gbAk; 1658Mk; Mz;lstpy; Nghy;bay; ghjpupjhd; aho;g;ghzj;jpw; fz;l fpwp];jt Njthyaq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;gpy; tlkuhl;rpapy; rl;lNtyp> cLg;gpl;b> gUj;jpj;Jiw Mfpa ,lq;fspy; %d;W Njthyaq;fs; ,Ue;jnjdf; Fwpg;gpl;L;sshu;. 7 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;W Kd;Ng ,t;thl;rpg; gpupT ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lnkd vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; xy;yhe;j muir Ig;grp khjk; 31Mk; jpfjp tiue;j fl;lisapNy gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpg; gpupTf;Ff; fdfuhau; ,g;gw;Wf; fk;gsp Kjypahu; nlhd;khDNty; Nrdul;d KjypahUk; ,iwRtNjUk;. “jpwntw; nte;J}d khg;ghz|| - fpshf;F. 8
,tw;wpypUe;J aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; tlkuhl;rp vd;w epu;thfg; gpupT gy;yhz;Lfspd; Kd;Ng tFf;fg;gl;lnjd;W mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; ntspthd gj;jpupiffspy; tlkuhl;rp tlkpwhl;rp vd;Nw Fwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. murhl;rpAk; muritr; R+oYk; ,g;gFjpapd; Muk;gf;fhyf; fy;tp kuGf;F “mbaj;jpthukhf|| mike;jpUf;fyhNkh vd vz;zj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
1 . 3 r%fk;
tlkuhl;rpapd; r%f mikg;gpid Nehf;Fk;nghOJ mq;Nf gy;NtW tifahd rhjpg;gpupTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; xNu,d kf;fNs (jkpou;) ,q;F epue;jukhf trpf;fpd;wdu;. gy;yhz;Lfshf ,r;rhjpg; gpupTfs ,q;F epytp tUtjhfj; njupfpd;wJ. fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,r;rhjpg; gpuTfSf;Fk; kpf neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gz;L. Muk;g fhyf; fy;tp kuG rhjpabg;gilapNyNa epytp te;Js;sJ.
nghUshjhu epiyg;ghl;bw;Fk;> epyTilikf;Fk;> rhjpg;gpupTfSf;FKs;s ,Wf;fkhd njhlu;G> r%f me;j];ijAk; fy;tpiaAk; ntFthfg; ghjpj;Js;sJ. tlkuhl;rpia ,jw;F tifkhjpupahd cjhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;. mLj;JtUk; mj;jpahaq;fspy; ,g;gFg;G tpupthf Muhag;glTs;sJ.
1 . 4 nghUspay;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; nghUspaw; Nghf;fpid Nehf;Fk; nghOJ ehk; VyNt Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy; tptrhak;> tzpfk;> kPd;gpb> ifj;njhopy;fs; vd;gdNt Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. Inuhg;gpau; tUifAk;> Mq;fpyf; fy;tpAk; ,g;nghUspaw; ghq;fpidr; rpwpJ rpwpjhfj; jfu;e;Js;sikAk; kdk;nfhs;sj; jf;fJ.
tptrhak;> flw;nwhopy;> ifj;njhopy; Mfpatw;wpD}L epytp te;j tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tsj;jpidAk;> mwhj;njhlu;r;rpiaAk; ,d;Wk; tlkuhlrpg; gFjpapNy rpwg;ghff; fhzyhk;. ,d;W ngUk;ghd;ikNahu; murhq;f cj;jpNahfq;fis tfpj;jNghJk; fpuhkq;fpsy; tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupak; epiyj;J epw;fpwJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; gy;NtW rhjpfSs;Sk;> Mrpupau;fs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wikf;F mbepiyahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,g;gFjpapd; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tp kuG vd;Nw fUjNtz;Lk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; nghUspay; mikg;G> r%ftho;f;if> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; midj;Jk; Gtpapay; mikg;gpd; nry;thf;Fld; ngupJk; njhlu;Gnfhz;L fhzg;gLtJ cz;ikNa. fiuNahuq;fs; fly; rhu;e;jpUg;gJk;> jkpofk; mz;ikapypUg;gJk; tha;g;ghd fg;gw;Jiwfs; fhzg;gLtJk; nghUspay; tho;NthL kl;Lk; Njq;fp tplhky;> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak;> rkak;> gof;ftof;fk; vd;w gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fNshLk; ,g;gFjpia ,izj;Jtpl;lJ vdyhk;.
tlkhuhl;rpapy; tptrhak;> kPd;gpb Nghd;w ngUe;njhopy;fis tpl kl;ghz;lk; tidjy;> ngl;b gha; flfk; gpd;dy;.9 nerT Ntiy> jr;RNtiy> nfhy;yNtiy nghd;w gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fSk; eilngWfpd;wd. ghuk;gupaj; njhopy;fSf;Fk;> r%f> rhjpg; gpupTfSf;F%Nl rpwg;ghd xU fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; tlkuhl;rpapy; epytp te;Js;sik mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
1 . 5 rpy gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;
aho;g;ghzj;jpd; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fs; tlkuhl;rpf;Fg; nghJthf mike;jNghjpYk; rpytifapw; jdpj;JtKilaitahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fy;tpj;Jiw jtpu;e;j czT> cil> tpisahl;Lg; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; rpy jdpj;Jtj;jpid ,g;gFjpapy; fhzyhk;.
gz;ghl;bd; xU mk;rkhd czTtifapYk; ,g;gFjp rpwg;ghd rpy jd;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ey;nyz;nza; cgNahfk;> Njhir> “gUj;jpj;Jiw til||> kPd; jPay; (mtpay;)> gpz;zhf;F vd;git <onkq;Fk; gpurpj;jkhdit. gy;NtW tifahd gyfhutiffSk; ,g;gFjpapy; ,d;Wk; tpw;gidahtJz;L. 10
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ngz;fs; ngUk;ghYk; 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpagFjptiu “Fwf;Ff;fl;L||f;fhuuhfNt ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Flhehl;bd; kw;iwa gFjpfspy; jho;e;j tFg;igr; Nru;e;j ngz;fNs Fwf;Ff;fl;Lf;fhuu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> tlkuhl;rpapy; cau;rhjpg; ngz;fSk; mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu “Fwf;Ff;fl;L|| f;fhuu;fshf ,Ue;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,d;Wk; taJ Kjpu;e;j cau;rhjp%jhl;bfspilNa ,g;gz;gpidf; fhzyhk;. tlkuhl;rpapd; rpy gFjpfspw; jpUkzkhd eLj;jutaijj; jhz;ba ngz;fs; rl;ilapd;wpj;jhtzp NghLk; tof;fKk; cz;L. jhtzpj; njhq;fypw; jpwg;Gg; Nghd;w xU nghUis Kbe;J KJFg; gf;fkhf tpl;bUg;gu;.
“ijayu; Nknywpj; jhtzpj; njhq;fy; tsikfz;L
ngha;apil ts;spapd; jha;kidape;jg; GNyhypnaDk;||11
vd;Dk; ghly; mbapd; %yk; ,g;gz;ghl;bidf; fz;Lnfhs;syhk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; eilngWfpd;w tpisahl;Lf;fisf; ftdpf;Fk;NghJ mit ghuk;gupa tpisahl;Lf;fisNa ngUk;ghYk; filg;gpoj;J te;Js;sd. ,d;Wk; rpWtu;fs; “mk;ngwpjy;|| vd;Dk; tpisahl;il tpisahLtu;. ,t;tpisahl;ilf; Flhehl;bd; kw;iwa gFjpfspy; fhz;gJ fbdk;. ,ijtpl khl;Ltz;br; rthup> fpspj;jl;L (ahL)> “Nghu;j;Njq;fhab|| vd;git rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplf;$bait. rpj;jpiu tUlg;gpwg;G> rpj;jpuh G+uiz ehl;fspw; ngupatu;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; (mz;ikf; fhyk;tiu) Nghu;j; Njq;fha; mbg;gJ tof;fk;.
nkhopepiy
,t;thwhd gz;ghl;Lj; jdpj;JtKila tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; toq;Fk; nkhopepiyAk; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. rhjhuz Ngr;Rtof;fpYk;> ciuahlypYk; ,yf;fzr; Rj;jkhd gy nrhw;fisf; ifahStij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. tlkuhl;rpf;Fs;NsNa fpuhkq;fSf;Ff; fpuhkk; NtWghlhd nrhw; gpuNahfq;fisf; ifahStijAq; fhzyhk;. xypaikg;gpYk;> cUgd;fspYk; mit NtWghLilait. ey;y jkpo;r; nrhw;fis ehfupfk; fythj jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;w kf;fspilNa mjpfkhff; fhzyhk;.
%ly; (Xiyahw; gpd;dg;gl;l rpwpa ngl;b)> ks;shf; nfhl;il (epyf;fliy)> Nghf;fzk; (kupahiu)> maj;J (kwe;J)> ,zy; (epoy;)> G+ok; (ntWk;)> nts;sz (Neuj;Jld;)> gPypg;gl;il (jz;zPu; ,iwf;f Xiyahypiof;fg;gl;lJ)> rTf;fk; (rhy;it)> gr;rb (rk;gy;)> ifapy; (Njq;fha;g;ghjp)> nghl;lop (Jzp%l;il) Nghd;w gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd nrhw;fis cjhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;. ,tw;iwtpl “rpYty;|| (cjthj)> ehwy; (cjthj> gOjhd)> gz;zpg;Nghl;lha; (xd;Wk; nra;aKbahj) Nghd;w nrhw;gpuNahfq;fSk; tof;fpypUf;fpd;wd. tlkuhl;rpapd; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpd; fzprkhd gFjpia ,r; nrhw;fspNy fhzyhk;. Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is> gz;bju; r. tPuf;jp> nr. fjpu;fhkehkd;> GNyhypA+u; rjhrptk;> njzpahd; KjypNahupd; gilg;Gfspy; tlkuhl;rpf;Nf cupj;jhd gy Ngr;R nkhopr; nrhw;fisAk; njhlu;fisAk; fhzyhk;.
aho;;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;if KOtjw;Fk; tpahgpj;j murpay; nghUspaw; fUj;Jf;fs; gy tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy Kistpl;lik Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. cjhuzkhf 1931Mk; Mz;L rl;l ep\&gz rigspy; Ng. ghyrpq;fk; ,yq;iff;F Rankhopf; fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ijAk;> kfhtyp tlf;Nf jpirjpUg;gg;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ijAk;> Rnjr itj;jpaj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; typAWj;jpg; Ngrpdhu;. 12 Nf. ghyrpq;fk; tlkuhl;rpapd; gpurpj;jp ngw;w kuGtopf; fy;tp mwpQupd; kugpdpNy te;jtu; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tiug;NghyNt <oj;Jf;Fg; nghJthd murpaw; nghUshjhuf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;j ku;kFyrpq;fk;> nghd;. fe;ijah> [p.[p. nghd;dk;gyk; Nghd;wtu;fSk; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpypUe;J Kfpo;j;jtu;fNs. tlkuhl;rpapd; jdpj;jd;ikf;Fk;> rpwg;Gf;Fk; mbehjkhf ,g;gFjpapy; epytpte;j fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidNa nfhs;sNtz;bapUf;fpwJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;:
1. aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp – gf;. 133
2. aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; - ,e;jpughyh fh. gf;. 67
3. ifyhakhiy - ..... ..... khud; fdf kotidg; gpd; ehy;tUld; NrUk; GNyhyp jpfoitj;J ...... || gf;. fR.
4. rpq;ifefu; – Kjypahu; Fy> rghehjd;> r%fj; njhz;ld; Mz;L kyu; 1961 – gf; 47
5. ,yq;iftho; jkpou; tuyhW – Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is – gf;. 23. Mtzp 1956 Nguhjid
6. aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp – gf;. 73.
7. Nghy;ba]; - ,yq;ifr; rupj;jpuk;.
8. aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp – gf;. 120
9. “ngl;b gha; Fl;lhd; ngau;ngW fjpu;g;gha; mLf;Fg; ngl;bA kUtpiy %lYk; gpl;ltp ePj;Jg; ngl;bAk;|| - fhjypahw;Wg;gil Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is
10. Rofpw; gug;gp tpiyaJ $Wk;
fko;jU nrk;gdq; fha;g;gzp ahuKk;. -fhjypahw;Wg;gil
11. nrOq;fkyr; rpyk;nghyp – f.tP.gf;. 43.
12. Nf. ghyrpq;fk;. rl;lep\&gz rigg; Ngr;R> - 1931 <oNfrup.
,ay; ,uz;L
tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupak;
2 . 1 ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; MuhAk;nghOJ> tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa kugpidAk;> mk;kugpypUe;J Kfpo;j;j vOj;jpyf;fpa kugpidAk; mwptJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa kuNg vOj;jpdhyhd caupyf;fpaq;fSf;F Cw;Wf;fhyhf mike;jikiaAk; tlkuhl;rpapd; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpD}L juprpf;f KbfpwJ. vOj;J ,yf;fpa Mw;wYk; MsikAk; tha;nkhop kuGtopNa tsu;e;Jte;Js;sikiaAk; ,g;gFjpapNy fhzKbfpwJ.
tha;nkhop kuG tlkuhl;rpapy; gy;NtW fpisg;ghLilajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fpisg;ghl;bd; xd;whd ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. kUj;Jtpr;rpapd; tho;j;Jg; ghly;> jhyhl;L> tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fs;> rlq;Fg; ghly;fs;> njhopw; ghly;fs;> xg;ghup Mfpait rhjhuz xU kdpjdpd; tho;f;if gpwg;G> tsu;g;G> jpUkzk;> topghL> njhopy;> kuzk; vd;w Rlw;Wtl;lj;Js;NsNa njhopw;gLfpd;wd. trjpfSk; tha;g;Gff;Sk; tsUtjw;F Kd; Foe;ijfs; tPl;bNyNa gpwe;jdu;. gps;isg;NgW ghu;f;Fk; kUj;Jtpr;rp(mNefkhf jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nru;e;j mDgtJKs;s %jhl;bfNs kUj;Jtpr;rpfshfg; gzpGupe;Js;sdu;.) tho;j;Jg; ghliy ghLths;. ,g;ghy;fs; Mz; Foe;ijfSf;F NtwhfTk; ngz; Foe;ijfSf;F NtwhfTk; mikAk;.
“muprpg; nghjpNahLk; te;jPNuh jk;gp
muprp kiyehLk fz;BNuh jk;gp
cs;spg; nghjpNahLk; te;jPNuh jk;gp
cs;sp kiyehLk; fz;BNuh jk;gp||
Nghd;w Mz;Foe;ij tho;j;Jg; ghliy cjhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;.
Foe;ij tsuj; njhlq;fj; njhl;bypNy Nghl;Lj jhyhl;Ltu;. ,j; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fisj jha;khu; ghLk;nghOJ ,uz;L %d;W tPLfSf;Ff; Nfl;ff;$bajhfg; ghLtJKz;L. jhyhl;bd; “,Onkd;|| XirAk; njhl;bypd; mirTk; xd;W Nruf; Foe;ij jd;id kwe;J J}q;fptpLk;. gbg;gwptw;w fpuhkpag; ngz;fs; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fspy; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhd tha;g;ghl;Lj; jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;. ,t;tha;g;ghl;Lj; jd;ikNa jhyhl;ilj; jhq;fpepw;gijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. mjpfkhf nky;Nyhirr; nrhw;fNs jhyhl;by; ,lk;ngWtJ Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. jha;khupd; kd czu;Tfs;> kd cior;ry;fs;> cwTKiwfs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; vd;gdnty;yhk; jhyhl;by; gjpthfpapUg;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
Foe;ij gpwe;J 31Mk; ehs; njhl;by; fl;Lk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. jha;khkNd njhl;by;; fl;lNtz;Lnkd;w ek;gpf;ifnahd;Wk; cz;L. ,d;Wk; ,g; gof;fk; tof;fpypUf;fpwJ.
MuhNuh> MuptNuh
MuhNuh MuptNuh
vdj; njhlq;fpr; rpy rk;gtq;fisAk; Rl;bg; ghLthu;fs;. cjhuzkhf>
njhl;by; fl;l te;j mk;khd;
gl;bdpNa Nghwhuhk; .......... MuhNuh ...........
vd;w jyhl;bidr; Rl;lyhk;.
xy;yhe;ju; tlgFjpiag; gy;NtW Nfhapw;gw;Wf;fshfg; gpupj;jdu;. tlgFjpapw; fl;ilNtypf; Nfhapw;gw;W vd;gJk; xd;W. ,g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;j njhd;ik tha;e;j rptd; Nfhapy; ,bf;fg;gl;L me;j ,lj;jpy; fl;ilNtypj; Njthyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUifiaAk; mjdhy; rpijAk; kuGtopf; fy;tp KiwapidAk; fz;L vs;speifahLtd; Nghd;w ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; tlkuhl;rpapd; Kf;fpa gFjpfspnyhd;whd funtl;bg;gFjpapNy epytptUfpd;wd. 1
,tw;iwtplr; rpWtu;fs;
\\fz;zhNu filahNu fhf;fzk;
G+r;rpahNu>
Nfhr;rp vd;d fha;r;rpdhs;?
$o;.
$Of;Ff; fwpnad;d?
GO.
ngUk; GOtha; gpbr;Rf;nfhz;L
Xoth
vd;;W tpisahLtJk;
Js;Sg; gpdhl;L Fwhg; gpdhl;L
nfhf;fh jiyapNy vd;d G+?
KUf;fk; G+
KUf;Fj; jior;r Kd;D|W khk;gok;
gl;ilapf;if itr;r
goQ;Nrhnwq;Nf?
gz;bjpz;Ll;LJ
gz;bf;F NkNy gLthd; kpisffr;
nrl;bahgps;is
xUifia klf;nfz;lhy;
Jlf;F.
rpWtu;fs; $b tl;lkh ,Ue;J iffis epyj;jpNy gjpa itj;J tpdhTk; tpilAkhfg; ghb tpisahLtJKz;L.
rpWtu;fs; CQ;ry; fl;l MLtu;. ngupa CQ;riy “md;d CQ;rhy;|| vd;W miog;gu;. md;d CQ;rhy; fl;b Mlk;NghJ gpd;tUk; ghliyg; ghLtu;.
fr;rhapw; GspapNy CQ;rhYk; fl;b
fdfuh Njhg;gpNy Njhl;lKk; nra;J
ntl;lhj nrt;tpsdp ntl;b kilNghl;L
vupahj fw;G+uk; vupj;J kilNghl;L||
vd;gd Nghd;w CQ;rw; ghly;fisAk; ghb tpisahLtu;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; flw;fiuiaaz;ba gFjpfshd fw;Nfhtsk;> ehfu;Nfhtpy; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fiutiy ,Of;Fk;NghJ ghLk; ghly;fs; ,yf;fpa tsKk; RitAk; nfhz;lit. cjhuzkhf ehfu;Nfhapw;gFjp kPdtu;fs; ghLk; ghliyf; fhz;Nghk;.
Vnyyq;fpb Vnyiyah
fWg;gp thb fhupy NghNthk;
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
rptg;gp thb [Pg;gpy NghNthk;
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
ifapiy uz;L fyhtiu Nkhjpuk;>
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
RJkiy kr;rhs; Rjpahd ngl;il>
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
Mnulh rz;bad; Neupiy thlh>
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
gUj;Jiw khg;gpis vLj;Jiwg; ngk;gpis
vd;w ghlYk;> ,JNghd;w gy;NtW ghly;fSk; ,d;Wk; toq;fptUfpd;wd.
tlkuhl;rpapd; tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; xg;ghupf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cz;L. Nrhf czu;it> “kdg;ghuq;fis|| ,;t;nthg;ghupfspNy fhzyhk;. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; xg;ghupfs; ngUksT toq;fptUtJ Nghyf; Flhehl;bd; kw;iwa gFjpfspy; ,y;iynad;Nw Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. ,oT tPLfspNy xg;ghupfspd; Xiwia ,d;Wk; jhuhskhff; Nfl;fyhk;. taJ te;j %jhl;bfs;> eLj;ju taJg; ngz;fs; kpfTk; yhtfkhf xg;ghupfisg; ghLtu;. tha;g;ghl;L uPjpahf mikAk; xg;ghupfspy;> ,ilapilNa nrhw;fs;> ,iaTglhJ> vJifNkhid jg;gp tpOe;JtpLtJKz;L. ,f;Fiwghl;il xUtif Xirahy; ngz;fs; epug;gptpLthu;fs;. tlkuhl;rpapd; rpy gFjpfspd; nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhfg; ngz;fs; kuf;fwp tpahghuk; nra;J nghUsPl;LtJk; xd;whFk;. ney;ypab> gUj;jpj;Jiw> rhtfr;Nrup> nfhbfhkk;> Rd;dhfk; Nghd;w re;ijfspy;> ,tu;fs; tpahghuk; nra;tJ tof;fk;. (,g;Ngh ,k;Kiw mUfp tUfpwJ). vdNt jha; ,we;jNghJ kfs; $Wk; xg;ghup ,g;nghUshjhu epiyapidr; Rl;Ltjhf mikfpd;wJ. tif khjpupf;fhf xd;iwr; Rl;lyhk;.
mk;kh eP
thip tuj; jpz;bUe;jd; - vd;iu
td;d tz;b thLjiz............
eP .............
Nfhyptuj; jpz;bUe;jd; - vd;iu
Nfhy tz;b thLjiz.
cwtpdu;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; jfuhWfisAk; njhy;iyfisAk; vy;NyhUk; xd;whfr; re;jpf;Fkplkhd rhtPl;bNy nrhy;ypj; ‘jPu;g;gJk;| ,g;gFjpapd; kughFk;. mt;thW nrhy;ypj; jPu;g;gjd; %yk; xUtpj kd mikjpAk;. MwjYk; Vw;gLtJ. ,ay;ghdNj. xU ngz; jq;fSld; rz;il gpbj;Jj; njhe;juT nfhLf;Fk; cwtpdiur; ‘rhl;bg;| ghba xg;ghup ,t;tplj;Nj ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
vd;iu mg;G .................. ,it
rPdj; Jtf;nfLj;J – vq;fisr;
rpjw ntb itf;fpdNk ...............
vd;iu mg;G - ,it
ghuj; Jtf;nfLj;J – vq;fisg;
gjw ntb itf;fpdNk..............
vd;iu mg;G
ehd; gliyapiy Mkzf;F
vd;iu mg;G> ehditf;Fk;;
ghtf;fh ahfpdNd>
Ntypapiy Mkzf;F
vd;iu mg;G> ehditf;F
Ntg;gq;fh ahfpdNd.
,t;thwhf> tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa kughd ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; gpuNjrj;jpd; gz;ghL> gof;ftof;fk; Nghd;w gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. Mnuhf;fpakhd Xu; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; Njhd;Wk; gpuNjrj;jpy; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa tskhdjhfTk;> cukhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;F tlkuhl;rp xU tifkhjpupahf mike;jpUf;fpwJ vdyhk;.
tlkhul;rpapd; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;gpy; gonkhopfSk; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;w. Flhehl;bd; kj;jpa gFjpfspy; mjpfk; eilKiwapy;yhj gy gonkhopfis ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,d;Wk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. “gpr;irnaLf;Fjhk; ngUkhs;> mijg; Glq;Fjhk; mDkhu;||. “mJFk; gpuz;Nlg;ig> ,Jfk; foz;Nlg;ig|| vd;gd Nghd;w gonkhopfisg; gbj;jtu;fSk; ghkuu;fSk; ifahStijf; fhyhk;. jhk; $wg; Gfe;j tp~aj;jpw;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;fNt ,g;gonkhopfisf; ifahSfpd;wdu;. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; “thilia|| ,g;gonkhopfspNyAk; fhzyhk;.
||ntl;ba fl;Lj; jiyNk Nyw;wp
ePz;l topiaj; jhz;bf; fhyd;
tUngUq; $l;l eifapdk; ngz;bu;||
-fhjypahw;Wg;gil
Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; tpwFntl;bj; jiyNkw; Rke;J te;J tpahghuk; nra;Ak; mbepiy kl;lj;jpYs;s jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nru;e;j ngz;fs; ghLk; ghly;fSk; Fwpg;gp;lj;jf;fit. mit jdpj;jdpahd ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;> gpurpj;jp ngw;w $j;Jg; ghly;fs; (,g;Ngh rpdpkhg; ghly;fs;) vd;gdthFk;.
2 . 2 $j;JkuG
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; $j;Jf;fs; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpg;gplf;$baJ. gz;ila $j;Jf;fspd; tsu;r;rpg; gbfisg; gy;NtW tifapy; ,g;gFjpfspNy fhzyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; gpd;js;sg;gl;l r%fq;fspilNa ,f;$j;JkuG epiyNgW cilajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gq;Fdp> rpj;jpiu> itfhrp khjq;fspy;; xt;nthU fpuhkq;fspYk; khjj;jpw;F ehd;F> Ie;J $j;Jf;fSk; eilngWtJz;L. ney;yz;ilg; gj;jpufhsp Nfhapypy; xU khjj;jpy; 15> 20 $j;Jf;fSk; eilngw;wJz;L> ngUk;ghYk; ,f;$j;Jf;fs; Neu;j;jpf;fld;fSf;fhfNt Nghlg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ,it rkar; rhu;Gila fijfisf; nfhz;litahfTk; mikfpd;wd. $j;Jf;fs; Nfhapy; tPjpfspy;> my;yJ Nfhapiyr; R+oTs;s tay; ntspfspw;whd; eilngWk;. rpWghd;ikahfr; rkar; rhu;gw;witahfTk;> rpy $j;Jf;fs; epfo;tJz;L.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ngUk;ghd;ikahff; $j;Jkugpidg; NgZgtu;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nru;e;jtu;fNs. ,f;$j;J epfo;Tfs; rkar; rhu;Gilaitahf mikfpd;w mNjNtisapy; xU rhjpapd; “xd;W$ly;|| epfo;r;rpahfTk; miktJz;L. gpuNjrj;jpd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk; jq;fs; rhjpapdu; Mlk; $j;jpidg; ghu;f;f Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs; ahtUk; $j;jhLkplj;jpw;Fg; “gha;||> “rhf;F||> “yhk;G|| vd;gitfSld; Neuj;jpw;Nf te;J $btpLtu;.
vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupakw;w cau;rhjpay;yhNjhu; kj;jpapNy ,f;$j;J kuGjhd; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; Njhw;WthahfTk; mikfpwJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhupd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf; fl;lj;jpid MuhAk;nghOJ Kjd; Kjypy; mz;zhtpapd; kfNdh kUkfNdhjhd; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpDs; fhyb itg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpr; r%fj;jpy; rhjpaikg;Gg; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ,f;$j;JkuGld; xd;wpizj;J Nehf;FtJ fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidawpa cjtpahFk;. cau; rhjpf;fhuu;fspy; $j;Jg; gof;Fk; mz;zhtpia> “mz;zhtpahu;|| vd Mu; tpFjp Nru;j;J miog;gJk;> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; kj;jpapy; $j;Jg; gof;Fgtiu “mz;zhtp|| vd miog;gJk; kuG. cjhuzkhf mz;zhtp Kufd;> %j;jjk;gp mz;zhtpahu; vd miog;gijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; gpurpj;jp ngw;w mk;kd; Myaq;fshd> mj;JS> ney;yz;il> my;tha; Kj;Jkhup mk;kd; Nghd;w ,lq;fs; $j;Jf;fSf;Fg; gpurpj;jkhdit. ,t;tplq;fspy; fhj;jhd; $j;J> mupr;re;jpuh> gtsf;nfhb> ey;yjq;fhs;> rhtpj;jpup fj;jpatghd; Nghd;w kuG topf; $j;Jf;fNs ngUk;ghYk; Mlg;gLk;. ,f;$j;J kugpd; vr;rnrhr;rkhf ,d;Wk; ,g;gFjpapy; ,kad; NtyhAjk;> Rgj;jpiu Mo;thu;> %spg; nghd;D> ehuju; fe;ijau;> mDR+ah NtYg;gps;is> rFdp fe;jd; Nghd;w “tpUJg;|| ngau;fs; epd;W epyTfpd;wd. ,it mtu;fs; Vw;W ebj;j ghj;jpuq;fspd; ebg;Gr; rpwg;Gf; fUjpaplg;gl;litahFk;. $j;jhLgtu;fS;fFk; $j;Jg; gof;FgtUf;Fk; xU kl;lj;jpy; r%f kjpg;G toq;fg;gl;likiaAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; Gfo;ngw;w mz;zhtpfshf mz;zhtp jk;igah (Jk;gis)> mz;zhtp MWKfk;> mz;zhtp rutzKj;J (my;tha;)> mz;zhtp Mo;thu;;> %j;jjk;gp (funtl;b)> mz;zhtp nry;iyah (khjid)> mz;zhtp kfhypq;fk; (Jd;dhiy)> mz;zhtp fzgjpg;gps;is> nghd;D (ney;ypab) Nghd;Nwhiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
“ehlfj; jkpio ed;nfd czu;e;Njhd;
MlYk; ghlYk; miktU khrhd;
mz;zhtp jk;igad; mUikaha;g; gof;fpa
tpyhrk; ghu;f;f ntw;wpiy aUe;jp
tpiue;J tpiue;J elg;Nghu; FohKk;||
vdg; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is Fwpg;gpLtu; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fpof;Ff;fiuia az;ba gFjpfspy; (Flj;jid> Flhug;G> mk;gd;) fpwp];jtf; $j;J kuGfSk; tsu;e;Jtw;Js;sd. tlkuhl;rpapd; fpof;Ff; fiuapypUe;J “jhrPrpa];|| Nghd;w rpwe;j newpahsidj; je;jJk; ,f;$j;JkuNg nadyhk;.
,g;gFjpspf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpatsj;jpidAk; $j;JkuGk; jhq;fpepw;gJ mtjhdpf;ff;$baJ.
mz;zhtpfs; ,aw;ifg; Gyik gilj;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; rpwg;ghd gz;ghff; fUjg;gl;lJ. fw;gid tsKk;> czu;Tr; rpwg;Gk; cs;s ghly;fisr; re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g vOe;j khdkhfg; ghLk; ty;yik ,tu;fspilNa fhzg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fpatsj;jpidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,t;tz;zhtpkhupd; gq;fspg;G kfj;jhdJ. rhjp xopg;G> r%fr; rPu;jpUj;jk; vd;gdtw;wpw;fhf; fijj; njhlu;gpd;wp ,ilapNy ,tz;zhtpkhNu ,aw;wpg; “gf;fg;ghl;lhfg;|| ghLtJk; tof;fk;. rpy ghly;fis ||ngl;bf;fhuu;fSk;|| ghLthu;fs;.
re;jr; RitAk;> re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g khWglf;$bajhfTk; ,g;gFjp mz;zhtpkhu;fs; ghlf;$batu;fs;. ,t;tz;zhtpkhu;fspy; gyu; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk;> tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupaj;jpwFk; ghykhf mike;jtu;fs;. ,tu;fSs; tha;nkhop kugpy; ,Ue;J vOj;jpyf;fpa kugpDs; fhybitj;j vk.tP. fpU];zho;thu; Nghd;w mz;zhtpdNs tpje;Njhjyhk;.
mz;zhtp Mo;thu; vd miof;fg;lg;l vk;. tP. fpU];zho;thu; $j;jhba fhyj;jpy; xUKiw Cu; |mlq;fYk;| “rpuq;F|| vd;Dk; rUktpahjp ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jjhk;. Mo;thu; Nkilf;F te;J elf;Fk;nghOJ Kd;Df;fpUe;j rpWtu; J}q;fptope;jgb rpuq;ifr; nrhwp;e;Jnfhz;bUe;jhu;fshk;. jdJ fl;lk; Kbe;J Nghd Mo;thu; rpwpJ Neuj;jpd; gpd; gf;fg;ghl;Lf;fhuDf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; te;Jepd;W clNd ,aw;wp rpuq;ifg; gw;wp xU ghly; ghbdhuhk;.
“rpuq;fg;gdhNu F];luh[d; ngw;w
nry;tf; Fnguh
mfq;iff;Fk; Gwq;iff;Fk;
mofhd Koq;iff;Fk;
nrhwpar; nrhwpa ey;y
Rfj;ijj; je;jhNa – rpuq;fg;gdhNu
(jfty;: mz;zhtp rutzKj;J> my;tha; - Mo;thupd; khztDk; rfghbAk;.)
mz;zhtp Mo;thu; tNahjpgfhyj;jpy; “gG+dhf||Tk; ebj;Js;shu;. mj;JS mk;kd; Mya Kd;wpypy; ele;j “fz;buhrd;|| ehlfj;jpy; ,tu; gG+dhf ebj;jij ehd; ghu;j;Njd;. jd;id xU kuNkwpf; fs;Sr; Nru;g;gtdhfg; ghtidnra;J mtu; ghba ghly; RitAk; nghUSk; epiwe;jJ.
Nrhf;fhd njd;dq;fs;S
nrhf;fitf;F nke;jd; fs;S
Nrhjpj;Jf; Fbj;Jg; ghu;f;f
thUq;Nfh eapdhu; – cq;fisr;
R+iwahl;b tpOj;jhtpl;lhy;
NfSq;Nfh eapdhu;.
nfhg;ghl;ld; ghl;lndq;fs;
Nfhe;JWTk; khe;JWTk;
jg;ghkq; rPtpg; Gfioj; jhtpNdhk; eapdhu;
vg;NghJk; vq;fSf;Fg; ngau;
“Vw;we;jhd;|| eapdhu;.
neQ;ir tpl;lfyhj ,g;ghly; ,d;Qk; tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapy; “tha;nkhopg; ghlyhf|| toq;fptUfpwJ. ,ij ,aw;wpatUk; ,tNujhdhk;.
,t;thW GyikAk; ,yf;fpatsKk; nfhz;l tuftp fpU];zho;thiuj; je;jJ tlkuhl;rpapd; Kf;fpa fpuhkq;fspy; xd;whd funtl;bNa. ,tu; gpuNjrq; fle;j GfOf;Fupatu;.
tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;> vOj;J ,yf;fpaj;Jf;FKs;s cwtpid Nehf;Fk;nghOJ> ,r; rpuq;Fgw;wpa ghlYf;Fk; ftpkzpapd; “nka;apw; rpuq;if tpbAkl;Lk; nrhwpaf; ifapuz;Lk; NghjhJ|| vd;w ahg;G newpg;gl;l ghlYf;FKs;s neUf;fk; GydhfpwJ> tha;nkhop kuNg vOj;jhf Kfpo;f;Fk; vd;gjw;F ,Jtk; xU rhd;whFk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; $j;Jkugpidf; ftdpf;Fk;NghJ> $j;Jf;fhd cil myq;fhuk;> rPd;> xg;gid vd;gdTk; ,g;gFjpapNy Muk;gpj;jjhff; $Wfpd;wdu;. <oj;jpNyNa Kjd;Kjy; $j;Jf;fhd rPd; tiffisAk;> kzp cLg;G – G+r;Rf;fs; ,itfisAk; jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J nfhz;Lte;J thliff;Ff; nfhLj;jtu;fSk; tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fNs. gUj;jpj;Jiw nfhl;lbg; gps;isahu; NfhapYf;F mUfhikapy; ,d;Wk; “nry;tehafk; rPd;|| vd;W miof;fg;gLk; nry;tehafj;jpd; %jhijaNu> ‘rPid| Kjd; Kjy; nfhz;Lte;jtu;fshk; - (jfty;: Jk;gis tPurpq;fk; Mrpupau;)
tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk;> ,yf;fpatsj;jpYk; tha;nkhop kuG ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;> $j;Jf;fs;> rlq;F rhu;e;j ghly;fs; vd;gdnty;yhk; fy;tpiaAk;> ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpNa tsu;e;Js;sd.
2 . 3 rpWnja;t topghl;L kuG
tlkuhl;rpapd; topghl;L newpfSs; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Mfk mikg;Gf;Fl;gl;l Myaq;fs; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;Jld; njhlu;Gw;W ,aq;fptu> fPo;epiyg;gl;l> rpW nja;ttopghl;L newpfs; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpag; gz;gpidg; Ngzpte;Js;sd. xU> rd;djk;> cr;rhldk;> ke;jpuk; vd;gitfisnahl;bNa ,t;tpyf;fpak; ghuk;gupak; epytp te;Js;sJ. Iadhu;> mz;zkhu;> gzpf;fu;> fhsp> nfhj;jp Nghd;w rpWnja;t topghl;blq;fisAk;> mitfisr; rhu;e;j G+rhupg; ghly;fisAk; XsuT ,g;gFjpapy; fhzyhk;. cLf;fbj;Jg; Ngahl;lk; MLk;NghJ G+rhupfs; mq;nfhd;W kpq;nfhd;Wkhfj; jhk; ,aw;wpAk; Kd;Ndhu; ,aw;wpaijAk; ghLfpd;wdu;. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; ,g;gz;G kpfTk; mUfpte;Js;sJ. ,g;gFjpapd; gy ,lq;fspy; rpWnja;t topghLk; ngUe;nja;t topghLk; ,d;W xd;wpize;J nry;tijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ngUe;nja;t Myaq;fspNyNa jdpj;jdp rpWnja;tq;fSf;Fr; rpW rpW Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk; fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf tuyhw;Wg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w ty;ypGu Mo;thu; NfhapypNy ehr;rpkhUf;Fk;> rg;jfd;dpaUf;Fk; jdpj;jdp topghl;blq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;. kpf mz;ikf; fhyk;tiu gagf;jpahfg; Nghw;wgl;L te;j ty;iy Kdpf;F ,d;W Myak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk;> mjw;F mUfpNyNa tpehafu; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;thW rpW nja;t topghL ngUe;nja;t topghl;Lld; ,ize;J nrd;Ws;sikAk; mit Mfk nrwpg;gl;l G+irfisAK; MuhjidfisAk; ngWtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,g;gz;G jPtlq;fYk; fhzg;gLtJ cz;ikNa. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; rpWnja;t topghl;L kuG ,d;W ngUksT Fiwe;Js;sik r%f nghUspay; khw;wj;jpd; mbahfNtnadyhk;. rpWghd;ikr; r%fj;jtu; kj;jpapNyNa ,d;Wk; ,r;rpWnja;ttopghl;L kuG ,d;W ngUksT Fiwe;Js;sik r%f nghUspay; khw;wj;jpd; mbahfNtnadyhk;. rpWghd;ikr; r%fj;jtu; kj;jpapNyNa .,d;Wk; ,r;rpWnja; topghl;L kuG newpfs; rpwpjsT Ngzg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrj;jpd; topghl;L newpfs; ,UkuGg; gl;ljhf mike;Js;sik cz;ikNa nadpDk; Mfk newpg;gl;l ngUe;nja;ttopghl;L kuNg NkNyhq;fpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;Nkyhz;ikNa ,g;gFjpapd; kuGtopg;g;l;l rka ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; gpujpgypg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
xU gpuNjrj;jpd; gz;ghL> gof;f tof;fk; vd;gd mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk;> tho;tpidAk; CLUtpr; nry;fpd;w mNjNtisapy; fy;tpiaAk; fiyfisAk; cs;slf;fpNa fhzg;gLk; vd;gjw;F tlkuhl;rp xU tifkhjpupahd cjhuzk; vdyhk;.
,ay; %d;W
vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak;
3 . 1 fy;tp Kiwfs;
tlkuhl;rpapd; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; aho;g;ghzf; Flh ehl;bd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpdpd;Wk; NtWgl;Ls;sJ vd;W $wKbahJ. aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; mf;fhyj;jpy; FurPlKiwapNyNa fy;tp Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. guk;giu guk;giuahf kuGtopf; fy;tp KiwNa epytpte;Js;sJ. kw;iwa njhopy;fisg; Nghyf; fy;tpAk; je;ijaplkpUe;J kfDf;Fg; Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j kuG rpwpJ fhyk; nry;yj; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lq;fshf cUntLj;jd vdyhk;.
Vwj;jho 20Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ,j;jpz;izg; gs;sp kugpid tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. INuhg;gpau; tUifianahl;b epWtd uPjpahd Mq;fpy< jkpo;g; ghlrhiyfs; epWtg;gl;l gpd;du; ,g;gFjpapNy kpf mz;ikf;fhyk;tiu ,j;jpz;izggs;sp kuG fhzg;gl;lJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw `hl;ypf; fy;Y}upf;F kpf mUfpy (Xlf;fiu) ntw;wpNtY thj;jpahupd; jpz;izg;gs;sp 1974tiu ,aq;fpte;jij mwpNthk;. Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyapy gbf;Fk; khztu;fs; ,tuplk; ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> fzpjk; gapd;Wnfhz;bUe;jdu;. ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs; ,tupd; cwtpdu;fshfTk; trjpaw;wtu;fshfTkpUe;jjhy; Ntjdkpd;wpAk; ,tu; fw;gpj;jJ cz;L. tPl;bDs;Ns ehYgf;fKk; XusT caukhd jpz;izAz;L. khztu; fPNo ,Ue;J jpz;izapy; itj;J vOjpg; gbg;gu;. ,tupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; “kddk;|| nra;tpg;gjpNyNa jq;fpapUf;Fk;. ‘nel;LU|> ‘thyhak;| vd;w gjq;fis mbf;fb cgNahfpg;gu;. cau;ju ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fis ,tu; Nghjpg;gjpy;iy. ghlj;jpl;lj;Njhnll;bNa ,tu; gapw;rpfs; eilngWk;. jpz;izg; gs;spapd; vr;r nrhr;rkhf ,tupd; gs;spiaf; fUjyhk;.
196 tiu GNyhypapy; fe;ju; KUNfrdpd; jp;z;izg;gs;sp jpwk;gl ele;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tupd; Mo;e;jfd;w jkpo;g; GyikAk;. Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jidAk; ‘nehj;jhupd;| guPl;iuf;Fj; jkpopyf;fzk; ghlj;jpl;lkhf mike;jpUe;jJk; ,tuJ jpz;izg;gs;spaPd; tsu;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; vdyhk;. ,tiug; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; gpd;dhy; mDge;jj;jpw; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; gy gFjpfspYk; “,uhg;gs;sp||> “epyhg;gs;sp|| vd;w ngaupy; gy kuGtopf; fy;tpg; gapw;rpfs; eilngw;Wte;Js;sd. tsu;e;NjhNu ,g;gs;spfspy; gapw;rp ngw;wdu;. ,q;F ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> Nrhjplk;> jUf;fk;> irtrpj;jhe;jk; vd;gdNt gapw;wg;gl;ld. Guhzgldk; tpNrl ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ>
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; ngUk;ghYk; guk;giur; nrhj;jhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gFjpapy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ngUk;Gyik ngw;W tpsq;fpatu;fspd; gl;baiyAk;> tuyhw;iwAk; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ ,e;j cz;ik Gydhfpd;wJ. tha;g;Gk;> trjpAKs;s cau;e;j rhjpf;fhuu;fSf;Nf fy;tp trjpAk; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Gyikahsu;fs; fy;tp fw;w kugpid Nehf;Fk;nghOJ jfg;gdplNkh> NgudplNkh my;yJ khkdplNkhjhd; mtu;fs; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaf; fw;wpUf;fpd;wdu; vd;w cz;ik Gydhfpd;wJ. fy;tpAk; “Fytpj;ijahfNt|| fUjg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.
ehs;ghu;j;J Kjd; Kjy; njhopy;fis Muk;gpj;jy; Nghd;W fy;tpAk; VL njhlf;fy; vd;Dk; rlq;fhrhuj;JlNdNa Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. Nfhapypy; my;yJ Mrpupau; tPl;bdpy;> my;yu; Flk;gj;jpy; gbj;jtUila tPl;bdpy; tp[a jrkpahfpa ru];tjp G+ir vd;Nw ,t;NtL njhlf;Fk; rlq;fhrhuk; epfOk;. Mrpupau;> Nfhapw; G+rfu;> mwpTkpFe;j ngupahu; xUtu;> ,r;rlq;fhrhuj;jpid epfo;j;Jthu;. MrpupaUf;Fg; gok;> ghf;F> ntw;wpiy> muprp> ney;> Ntl;b rhy;it Nghd;w md;gspg;Gfs; khztu; jFjpf;Fk; trjpf;FNkw;g toq;fg;gLk;. VL njhlq;fpagpd; neLq;fzf;F> Mj;jp$b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> ey;top Nghd;wtw;wpYk; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLk;. ,g;gapw;rp gbg;gbahf taJf;Nfw;wgb tsu;e;J nry;Yk;.
mf;fhyf; fy;tpkugpy; guk;giu vt;tsT J}uk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ vd;gijg; ghtyu; rupj;jpu jPgfj;jpy; rz;Kfr; rl;lk;gpahupd; tuyhW Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpypUe;J mwpayhk;.
,tu; thioab thioahfg; gpjh> ghl;ld; mg;ghl;ld;> Kg;ghl;ld; vd %d;W ehd;F jiyKiwfshd tpj;Jthd;fspd; tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. 1
,g;gz;G tlkuhl;rpf;F kl;Lkd;wp aho;g;ghzf; FlhehL KOtjw;FNk nghUj;jkhdJ.
3 . 2 fy;tpgapy; fsq;fs;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; Ngzpg; ghJfhfFk; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F mbmj;jpthukhf mike;jit jpz;izg;gs;spfs;> ghlrhiyfs;> NtW epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w fy;tp gapy; fsq;fshFk;. jpz;izg; gs;sp kugpy; ngUk;ghYk; cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fNs fy;tpfw;wdu; vd;gJk; mtu;fsplk; ngUk;ghYk; mjpf nghUshjhu vjpu;ghu;g;G ,Uf;ftpy;iy nad;gJk; njupfpwJ. fy;tp Xu; cgfhug; gz;lkhfTk; fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ. khztu;fs; Mrpupau;fSf;F “cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;|| fy;tpiag; ngw;Ws;sdu;. rhjp mikg;Gk;> r%fcwTk;> nghUshjhu tha;g;GNk mf;fhyf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupajjpidj; jPu;khdpj;Js;sJ. khztu;fs; mkhthir> G+uz ehs;fspy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr; rhik> jpid> ney;> xbay; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;> fha;fwp tiffisAk; toq;fpAs;sdu; vd mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
tha;g;Gk; trjpAk; nfhz;l cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fNs fy;tpiag; ngw;wdu;. vdpDk;> rpy jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lq;fsspy; rhjp mikg;G ,Wf;fkhfg; Ngzg;ghlhikAk; cz;L rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; jpz;izg;gs;spapYk;> fe;ju; KUNfrdpd; jpz;izg;gs;spapYk; ,r;rhjp mikg;Gg; Ngzg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy. fe;ju; KUNfrd; Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jid cilatu;. rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; ngUkdNkh> my;yJ mtupd; “gpwg;Gg;gw;wpa|| fijNah ,j;jpUg;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuznkd mwpaKbatpy;iy.
jp;z;izg;gs;spfs;.
mf;fhyf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; Kf;fpa epWtdkhd jpz;izg; gs;spfspd; mikg;gpidAk; Mrpupau; khztu; cwtpidAk; Nehf;Fk; nghOJ> gs;spf;$lk; Mrpupau; khztu; cwtpidAk; Nehf;Fk; nghOJ> gs;spf;$lk; Mrpupaupd; tPl;bNyh my;yJ mt;T+u;g; ngupatupd; tPl;bNyhjhd; mike;jpUe;jJ. Mrpupau; jdpahf mike;j jpz;izapy;> gyifapy; my;yJ ghapy; my;yJ khd; Njhypy; mku;e;jpUg;ghu;. mtiur; R+oTs;s jpz;izfspy; gha; Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk;. my;yJ ed;F nkOfpa jpz;izahf ,Uf;Fk;. khztu;fs; tupirahf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. Mrpupau; ghlk; elj;Jthu;. ngUk;ghYk; Muk;g tFg;Gfspy; gbf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Nf fhiyapy; tFg;Gf;fs; elf;Fk;. khiyapy; ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> Guhzgldk;> Nrhjplk; vd;gd tsu;e;jtu;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk;. vOjpg;gbj;jiy tpl tha;nkhopahff; Nfl;L kddk; nra;J gbj;jNy ngUk;ghd;ikahFk;. Xiyr RtbfspYk;> gpd; fhfpjj;jpYk; Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOjp – gpujp nra;J gbg;gJKz;L.
khztu;fspd; taJ tpj;jpahrj;ijtpl mtu;fspd; jpwik NtWghl;bw;fpiaaNt ghlq;fs; gbg;gpf;fg;gLk;. Mrpupaupd; tPl;L Ntiyfisg; ngUk;ghYk; khztu;fNs nra;thu;fs;. mf;fhyf; fy;tpkugpy; ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. tPl;LNtiy> tay;Ntiy Nghd;w NtiyfsAk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gzptpilfisAk; khztu;fNs nra;tu;. cjhuzkhf> Mrpupaiuf; Fspg;ghl;Ljy;> JzpJitj;jy; Nghd;w NtiyfisAk; khztu;fNs nra;tu;. ,t;thwhd Neuq;fspYk; Mrpupau; khztUld; ghlk; rk;ge;jkhd cuahly;fspNyNa <Lgl;bUg;gu;. ,jdhy; khztu;fspd; mwpT $u;ikaila trjpahapUe;jJ vdyhk;.
khztu;fspy; tpNtfk;> jpwik Mfpatw;iw mwpa MrpupaUf;F ,t;thwhd Neuk; kpf tha;g;ghdjhf ,Ue;jJ vd ek;gyhk;. khztu;fisj jpz;izg; gs;spapy; mEkjpf;FKd; Mrpupau; rpy Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;Lg; guPl;rpg;gJKz;L. ngUk;ghYk; ,t;tpdhf;fs; $u;ikahd mtjhdpg;Gj; jpwikAk;> epidthw;wiyAk; guPl;rpg;gjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhw;whd; ,t;thwhd fy;tpkugpy; te;jtu;fs; ml;lhtjhdk;> rjhtjhdk; epfo;j;JtNjhL gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd ghly;fSk; kddKilatu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
Nky;tFg;G khztu;fspy; jpwikahdtu;fs; Muk;g tFg;G khztu;fSf;Fg; ghlk; elj;Jtu;. ,tu;fis khzhf;f cghj;jpahau; vd;Wk; ,iog;gu;. cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytuplk; gy khzhf;f cghj;jpkhu;fs; ,Ue;jhu;fshk;. fe;ju; KUNfrdpd; jpz;izg; gs;spapy; khzhf;f cghj;jpahauhfg; ngupa khztu;fs; Muk;g khztu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;gpg;gij ehd; Neupw; fz;bUf;fpNwd;.
jpz;izg; gs;spf;$l Mrpupau;fisr; rl;lk;gpahu;> my;yJ cghj;jpahau; vd;Nw miog;gu;. ,tNu jpz;izg; gs;spapd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fis tFg;gjw;Fk; Nghjpg;gjw;Fk; nghWg;ghthu;. ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;w ngupy; mit toq;fhtpbDk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l xU tifapNyNa Nghjpf;fg;lg;ld. ,it Mrpupaupd; jpwikiaAk; mwpitAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk; ghlNeuq;fs; jtpu;e;j Vida Neuq;fspYk; khztu;fs; jq;fs; re;Njfq;fis Mrpupauplk; Nfl;Lj; njspayhk;.
Mrpupau; khztu; cwT kpf neUf;fkhf mike;jNghjpYk; gzpT> gak;> gj;jp> mlf;fk; cilatu;fshfNt khztu;fs; fhzg;gl;ldu;. khztu;fspd; eilKiwapYk;> mtu;fs; Mrpupau;fis “tpspf;Fk;|| nrhw;fspypUe;Jk; ,tw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; funtl;bapypUe;j jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lj;jpy; fw;w KjpatnuhUtu; MrpupauplkpUe;J jhk; tpilngWk; NghJ $Wk; “tpilngWk;|| ghliyf; fhl;bdhu;.
“fhyNk te;Nj ikah
fUj;Jld; ghlk; je;Njhk;
rPykha; vOjpf; nfhz;Nlhk;
NjtuPu; kdj;jpw; Nfw;gf;
Nfhykha; ePW g+rpf;
Foe;ijfs; goQ;Nrh Wz;zr;
rPykha; mDg;G ikah
NjtuPu; kdj;jpw; Nfw;g.||
NjtuPu;> Iah Nghd;w nrhw;fshNyNa Mrpupaiu tpspg;gu;. jk;ik “mbNad;|| rpwpNad; vd;W kpfg; gzpthfNt Fwpg;gu;. ,g;gz;G mf;fhyf; fy;tpkugpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. khztu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpf;fg;gl;l fy;tpAk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; rkaQ;rhu;e;jjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ vd;gijf; “Nfhykha; ePW G+rp|| vd;Dk; njhlu; cWjpnra;fpd;wJ.
khztu;fs; Mrpupaupy; md;Gk; ed;wpAk; cilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. jk; flikg;ghl;bid ntspf;fhl;lj; jhk; NgRk;> vOJk; ,lq;fspy; Futzf;fk; nra;gtu;fshfTk;> jkJ Kjy; ciog;gpidf; FUTf;Ff; fhzpf;if nra;gtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j kugpid NtW tbtj;jpy; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. gUj;jpj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; jdf;F tud; Kiwahfj; jkpo; gapw;Wtpj;j cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg; GytUf;Ff; FUtzf;fk; nra;tijAk;> Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is “khzpf;f khiy|| vdpDk; E}iyj; jdJ Mrpupauhd Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fSf;Ff; fhzpf;ifahfg; gilj;jiyAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
ej;Jk; gUj;jpj; Jiwtho; rptr;Rlu; ehd;kiwNahd;
xj;jey; yhupak; nre;jkpo; vd;id czuitj;Njhd;
Kj;Jf; Fkhu Rthkpf; Fukzp nkha;fow;fPo;
itj;jpg; gDtiy khZ ktdUs; tho;j;JtNd. 2
,e;j kugpd; thioab thioahf tUk; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isapd; Kjd; khzhf;fUs; xUtuhd Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp jkJ “gz;ilj; jkpou; tho;Tk; topghLk”; 3 vd;Dk; E}iyg; NguhrpupaUk; jdJ MrpupaUkhd f. fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fSf;Ff; fhzpf;ifahf;Ffpwhu;. Nguhrpupau; M. NtYg;gps;is ‘rhrdKk; jkpOk;| vd;Dk; E}iyAk; jdJ Mrpupauhfpa Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isf;Nf rku;g;gzk; nra;Js;shu;. fhzpf;if> ifAiw> gilay;> rku;g;gzk; vd;Dk; ghuk;gupak; FUrPl kugpy; ,Ue;J Kfpo;j;j kuNgnad;W czuKbfpwJ. ,g;gz;G ePz;L nry;tu; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupajjpd; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wypidr Rl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ vdyhk;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; jpz;izg;gs;spfspd; Nehf;fj;jpid Nehf;Fk; nghOJ> mit khztu;fis xOf;fKs;stu;fshfTk;> ,iwgf;jpAilatu;fshfTk; Mf;FtNjhL Guhzgldk;> Guhz gpurq;fk;> ,yf;fpa ,urid vd;gtw;wpy; gapw;rpiaAk; toq;Ftdthf mike;jpUe;jd. ahg;Gk; mzpAk; fw;Wr; nra;Aspaw;wy; Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. gbj;jtnud;W fUjg;gl;ltu; ghl;nlOjf; $batuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpid mf;F NtW Mzp Ntwhfg; gpupg;gjw;Fk;> gad; nrhy;tjw;Fk; ,yf;fz mwpT gad;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. gjTiu> nghopg;Giu> tpUj;jpAiu vd;W jkJ jpwik KotijAk; mf;fhy Mrpupau;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspw; nrYj;jpapUg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
fzpjk;> msitapay; (jUf;fk;)> rpj;jhe;jk; vd;gdTk; mf;fhyf; fy;tpkugpy; ed;F Nghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fis epWTtjw;Fj; jUf;f mwpT ed;F gad;gl;bUf;fpwJ. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tp kugpy; ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> rpj;jhe;jk;> jUf;fk;> Nrhjplk; vd;gtw;wpy; jdj;jdpNa ghz;bj;jpak; cs;stu;fSk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
mf;fhyf; fy;tpjugpy; Nghjpf;fg;lg;l ghlj;jpl;lj;jpidg; gpd;tUk; cjajhuifr; nra;jp $yk; mwpaf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
........ ,g;nghOJ gbg;gpf;Fk; jkpo;f; fy;tpfshtd muptup> Mj;jpR+b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> jpUts;Stu; Fwy;> ey;top> thf;Fz;lhk;> ed;ndwp> ePjpntz;gh> ehybahu;> rJufuhjp> tho;j;Jkhiy> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fg; Gfo;r;rpkhiy> jpUts;St khiy> fzf;F> me;jhjp> ieljk;> Nrhjplk;> kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> epfz;L> mUk;nghUs;tpsf;fk;> ,uhtzrpj;ju; R+j;jpuk;> fhtpak;> ed;D}y;> itj;jpa rh];jpuk;> Mfkk; KjyhditfNs.4
khztu;fSf;F Nkw;fhl;ba E}y;fSk;> ,itNghd;w gpwE}yfSk; Nghjpf;fg;l;Ls;sd. kddkhf;FjYk;> xg;Gtpj;jYk;> tpsf;fk; $wYNk mf;fhyf; fy;tp kugpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
mf;fhyj;J Mrpupau;fSf;Fr; r%f me;j];J kpf cau;e;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. khztu;fSk; kjpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. khztu;fs; kl;Lkd;wpg; ngw;NwhUk;> Cutu;fSk; Mrpupau;fis kjpj;Jk; Nghw;wpAk; te;J;sdu;. ngupatu;fs;> Mrpupau;fisNa MNyhrid ngWjy;> ehs;ghu;j;jy;> FLk;gg;gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;j;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhf ehbAs;sdu;. Mrpupau;fs;> itj;jpak;> Nrhkplk; vd;gtw;wpy; GyikAk; gapw;rpAk; ngw;Wr; r%fg; gad;ghLilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;lik Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; Flhehl;by; ngz; fy;tp ,Ue;j epiyia aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp gpd;tUkhW $Wk;.
“kp]dupkhu; te;j fhyj;jpy; gbj;j Mltu; Mq;fhq;F fhzg;gl;lhYk; gbj;j ];jpupfisf; fhz;gJ mupjhk;. Mjp mnkupf;f kp]dupkhu; aho;g;ghzk; te;jnghOJ (1316) aho;g;ghz ehl;by ghb eldk; nra;Ak; ngz;fistpl ,uz;L RNjrg; ngz;fSf;F khj;jpuk; vOj thrpf;fj; njupAnkd;W mk;kp]dupkhUs; xUtu; vOjpapUf;fpwhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;gps;isfs; gbj;jy; kugd;W vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ.|| 5
mf;fhyr; r%f mikg;gpy; ngz; fy;tp Kf;fpak; ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ ed;F Gydhfpd;wJ. kuGtopf; fy;tpapy; Gyik ngw;w ngz; guk;giuiaAk; Kjd; Kiwahf tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNyNa fhzKbfpwJ. ghuk;gupaf; fy;tptopte;j Kjd; Kiwahf kJiuj; jkpo;g; gz;bju; guPl;irapy; ,U ngz;gps;isfs; rpj;jpnaa;jf; fhuzkhapUe;j ghu;gjp mk;ikahu; GNyhyp t. fzgjpg;gps;isAila rNfhjupahtu;. ,tu; irtg; ngupahu; rptghjRe;judhupd; khkpahu;. ghu;gjp mk;ikahu;gw;wpg; gz;bjkzp rp. fzgjpg;gps;is $WtJ kdk;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
ghu;gjp mk;ikahiug; ghwhr;rpnad toq;FtJ tof;fk;. thd;kPfjijr; rk];fpUjj;jpy; thrpj;J tpsf;fk; nra;Ak; jpwik me;j mk;ikahUf;F ,Ue;jJ. Fwpj;j FLk;gj;jpy; ,U ngz;gps;isfs; kpf ,sk; gUtj;jpy; kJiug; gz;bj guPl;irapy; rpj;jpnaa;jitj;jtu; ghu;gjp mk;ikahu;. njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjypa ,yf;fzq;fisf; fij nrhy;tJ Nghw; fw;gpj;J tpLthu; vd;W Nfs;tp.|| 6
,t;thW tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ngz;fs; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; cilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;likf;Fk; Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. vOj;jwpT trjp fpilf;fhj ngz;fSk; Guhz gldk;> gpurq;fq;fs; Mfpad%yk; Guhz ,jpfhr mwpTilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ghujk;> ,uhkhazk;> fe;jGuhzk; vd;gtw;iw ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jikapdhw;whd; ,tu;fs; tha;nkhopahfg; ghLk; xg;ghupfspy;> mUr;Rdd;> tPkd;> jpnusgij> ,uhkd;> $dp> rFdp> R+u;g;gdif Nghd;w ngau;fisAk; fijj; njhlu;GfisAk; ifahz;ldNuh vd vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ. rhjhuzkhd epfo;r;rpfisr; Rl;b tpsf;Fk;nghOJ vOj;J thridNa mwpahj ngz;fs; ghuj ,uhkhazg; ghj;jpuq;fisr; Rl;LtJk;> fij epfo;r;rpfisf; fhl;b tpsf;FtJk;> VRtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; “ghl;bf;fij kuGfs;|| $lg; ngUk;ghYk; Guhz ,jpfhr kugpidnahl;baitahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gps;isg;gUtj;jpy; ehd; ghl;baplk; Nfl;l fijfs; ngUk;ghYk; Guhz ,jpfhr kugpidnahl;baitahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gps;isg;gUtj;jpy; ehd; ghl;baplk; Nfl;l fijfs; ngUk;ghYk; Njt mRu Aj;jf; fijfSk;> tPkNrd kfhuhrh> mUr;Rd kfhuhrh fijfSNk MFk;. VyNt Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa kuG vOj;jpyf;fpa kugpidr; nrOikahf;fpaJ NghyNt> vOj;jpyf;fpa kuGfSk; tha;nkhop kuGld; ,ize;Jk; toq;fpAs;sd. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; “jkpo; mwpT|| cs;s ngz;fs; fhzg;gl;likf;F Nkw;fhl;ba ghuk;gupaKk; xU fhuzkhfyhk;. “GNyhypA+u;g; ngupahu;|| vd <oj;jtuhy; kjpf;fg;gLk; R. rptghjRe;juk; jhk; vOjpa mfE}iyj jdf;Fj; jkpo; mwpT Cl;ba ghu;gjp mk;ikahUf;Ff; fhzpf;if ahf;fpAs;shu;.
,e;E}y;
vdJ khkpahUk;
vdf;Fj; jkpo;f;fy;tp A+l;batUkhfpa
jtr;nry;tpahu;
t. ghu;tjp mk;ikahUila
jpUtbfSf;Fr; rhj;jg;gl;lJ.
VyNt Fwpg;gpl;l fhzpf;if kuG FLk;gj;jpD}L njhlu;tijAk; mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; nkhopepiyiag; gw;wp Kd;Ng Nehf;fpAs;Nshk;. vdpDk; ghu;tjp mk;ikahu; “ghwhr;rp|| vd miof;fg;gl;lik kupahij fUjpNa vdyhk;. “Kjpu;g;ngz;bu;|| Mf tpsq;fpa ngz;fis “Mr;rp|| tpFjp Nru;j;J miog;gJ ,g;gFjpapd; tof;fk;. “ngUj;jhr;rp||> “mg;ghr;rp|| vd cwT Kiwg; ngz;ghw; nrhw;fSk; “ngupag;G||> “rPdpag;G||> “FQ;rpag;G||> “Mirag;G||> “rpd;dz;zd;||> ngupaz;zd;||> “Miraz;zd;||> “%j;jmk;khd;||> “Mirak;khd;||> “rPdpak;khd;|| Nghd;w Mz;ghy; cwTKiwr; nrhw;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; ,d;Dk; epyTfpd;wd.
,t;thwhd cwKiwg; ngau;fistpl mupahj;ij> G+jhj;ij> Ntjhj;ij Nghd;w ngz;ghy; ,LFwpg;Gg; ngau;fisAk; mupahj;ij tsT> G+jhj;ijtsT vd;w ngz;fspd; ngauhy; tsTfspd; ngau;fs; toq;FtijAk; fhzyhk;. ,g;ngau;fs; tlkuhl;rpapd; rpygFjpfSf;Fk; td;dpg;gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwtpd; fhuzkhf vOe;jNjh vd vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ngz;ghw; ngau;fisg; NghyNt rpyk;gd;> rpyk;gpahtsT> G+jd; tsT> G+jwhg;gpl;b (Xjwhg;gpl;b) Nghd;w ngau;fisAk; Mz;fspd; ngaNuhL Nru;j;J toq;Ftij ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. ,t;thNw MidtpOe;jhd;. Midg;ge;jp Nghd;w ,lg;ngau;fs; tuyhw;Wj; njhlu;gpid epidTWj;Jtdthf ,g;gFjpapw; fhzg;gLfpfd;wd. fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;Jld; njhlu;Gila “nfhl;liftsT||> “$j;Jg;gpl;b||> gs;spf;$l tsT|| Nghd;w tsTg; ngau;fSk; ,g;gFjpapNy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghUk; $j;Jg;gpl;b> nfhl;liftsT Nghd;w ,lg;ngau;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; r%fr; R+oypNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
epWtduPjpahd fy;tp Kaw;rpfs;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; INuhg;gpau; tUifia nahl;b ,Ufpisg;gl;ljhf ,aq;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ vdyhk;. 16Mk;> 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; kjk; gug;Gk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; fy;tpiaNa Majkhff; nfhz;ldu;. tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapy; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lq;fs; ,Ue;j gFjpapNyNa jkJ fy;tp epiyaq;fisAk; epWtpdu; Kjypy; RNjrf; fy;tpiaNa ,tu;fSk; Nghjpj;jdu;. jhk; RNjrf; fy;tpiag; gapyTk; RNjrpfSld; gofTk; jpz;izg; gs;sf;$l Mrpupau;fisNa ehbdu;. ,t;thW Inuhg;gpaUld; njhlu;Gila Muk;gj; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lk; ,Ue;j ,lq;fspy; xd;W funtl;bapy; ,d;Wk; “gwq;fpahu; tsT|| vd;w ngaupy; epyTfpd;wJ. ,g;gwq;fpau; tstpy; ,Ue;J Mrpupau; guk;giu xd;W tsu;e;Js;sikiaAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,g;gwq;fpahu; tsT> ghlrhiyia epWtpatu;fspd; Kd;NdhNu funtl;bg;gFjpapy; kpf cau;e;j rhjpf;fhuu;fshfTk; epyTilikahsuhfTk; ,Ue;jdu; vd;Wk;> ,tu;fspy; xUtiug; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L gpuge;jk; ghLtpf;Fk; Nehf;fkhfNt ey;Y}u; rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytu; tutiof;fg;gl;lhu; vd;Wk;> mtu; ,tu;fspd; Nghl;bahsUk; epyTilikahsUkhd “Ntyhj;ijAilahu;|| vd;gtuhy; “jpirjpUg;gg; gl;L|| te;j topapy; Ntyhj;ijAilahu;kPJ Nfhitg;gpuge;jk; ghbdhu; vd;Wk; mJNt fuit Ntyd; Nfhit vd;Wk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; njhd;iktha;e;j fpwp];jt Njthyaq;fSk;> gs;spf;$lq;fSk; gutyhf cz;L. ,it fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; mnkupf;fkprd;> nkjb];jkprd; vd khw;wk;ngw;wNghJk; “Ntjg;gs;spf;$lk;|| vd;Nw RNjrpfshy; miof;fg;gl;ld. Muk;gj;jpy; fpwp];jtkjj;jpy; Nru;e;jtu;fis “Ntjf;fhuu;|| vd;Wk; jk;ikj; jkpou; vd;Wk; RNjrpfs; mioj;jdu;. ,g;gz;gpid ,d;Wk; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy fhzyhk;.
epWtduPjpahd fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyfs; epWtg;gl;likAk; mtw;wpd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;likAk;> mr;rpae;jpu tUifAk;> fhfpj cgNahfKk; kw;iwa gFjpfisg; NghyNt tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpiaAk; epahakhd msT ghjpj;jd. fy;tpf;fhfTk;> mf;fy;tp rhu;e;j nghUshjhu tha;g;Gf;fhfTk; ek;ktupy; gyu; fpwp];jtu;fshfNt khwpdu;. tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j gy fpuhkq;fspy; fpwp];jt NjthyaKk;> ghlrhiyAk; xNu tsTf;Fs;NsNa mikf;fg;gl;ld. cLg;gpl;b mnkupf;fd; kprd; fy;Y}up> gUj;jpj;Jiw `hl;ypf; fy;Y}up> cLg;gpl;b ngz;fs; ghlrhiy vd;gd ,e;jtifapy; tpje;Njhjf;$bait. ,g;ghlrhiyfSf;fhd epyj;ijf; fpwp];jt kjj;jpidr; rhuhj cs;Su;g; gpuGf;fs; ed;nfhilahf toq;fpaikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
cLg;gpl;bapy; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lkhf ,aq;fpg; gpd; “jUkg; gs;spf;$lk;|| vdg; ngau; khw;wk;ngw;w mUsk;gy Kjypahupd; ghlrhiy gw;wpa nra;jpfs; cjajhuifg; gj;jpupifapy; mt;tg;NghJ ntspte;Js;sd. cLg;gpl;bapy; epWtg;gl;bUe;j mUsk;gyKjypahupd; ghlrhiy gw;wpa nra;jp nahd;wpid tif khjpupf;F ,q;F fhl;LNthk;.
tz;zhu;gz;iz fe;jg;g Fkhud; ,uhkypq;fu; rpwpJehisf;F Kd; tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j cLg;gpl;bapNy ];jhgpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;w jUkg; gs;spf;$lj;Jf;F te;J mg;gs;spf;$lj;J khztu;fisg; gupNrhjid gz;zpj jpUj;jzpif fe;jg;igau; Fkhuu; Mfpa tprhfg;ngUkhs; IaUk; fsj;J}u; Rthkp Kjypahu; Fkhud; Ntjfpup KjypahUk; gpioawg; gupNrhjpj;J ciunra;J mr;rpw; gjpg;gpj;j ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fisAk; Ntjhfkq;fisAk; khzhf;fuJ ed;ikf;fhf gs;spf;$lj;jpNy itj;J toq;Fk;gb nfhLj;jJkd;wpr; rpy gy jupj;jpuuhd gps;isfSf;Fj; jd; nrhe;jr; nrythf t];jpuhfhuk; Kjypad nfhLj;J fy;tp gbf;fpwjw;F Maj;jk; gz;zpapUf;fpwhu;||. 7
rhjhuz jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;fl;lk; ,JthFk;. ,g;gs;spf;$lk; epWtpa mUk;gy Kjypahupd; kdf;jhd; cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. <oj;jpy; mjpfkhd gpuge;jq;fisg; ghbatUk; tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpatsj;jpYk; Kf;fpa gq;fshsuhfTk; rptrk;Gg; Gytu; fhzg;gLfpwhu;.
fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUifAk;> ghlrhiyfs; epWtg;gl;likAk; fy;tpkugpYk; ,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpYk; epahakhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik jtpu;f;fKbahjNj.
fpwp];jtu;fs;> fl;ilNtyp> tjpup> my;tha;> GNyhyp> cLg;gpl;b> gUj;jpj;Jiw> jpf;fk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; gy;NtW juj;jpy; fpwp];jt ghlrhiyfs; epWtpdu;. RNjrpfSk; ,tw;wpw;Fg; Nghl;bahfr; irtg; ghlrhiyfisAk; fpuhkq;fspy; epWtpdu;. murhq;f cjtp fpilf;fhjNghJk; jk; mgpkhdj;jhYk;> fbd ciog;ghYk;> Cutu;fspd; cjtp xj;jhirahYk; ,g;ghlrhiyfs; capu;tho;e;jd vdyhk;.
funtl;bapd; tlf;nfy;iyahd tjpupapy; Nyhyp vy;iy vd;W Xu; ,lKz;L. ,q;F fpwp];jt NjthyaKk;> fpwp];jt ghlrhiyAk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. nt];ypad; vy;iy vd;gJ Nyhyp vy;iynadj; jpupe;jJ vdf; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,d;W ,t;tplj;jpy; cs;s mk;kd; Myak; Nyhyp vy;iy mk;kd; Myak; vd;Wk;> cy;ypad; vy;iy mk;kd; Myak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nt];ypad; vy;iy vd;w nrhy; kUtp te;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. ,d;W ,t;thyaj;j vy;iyak;kd; vd;w nghUspYk; ,t;T+u; kf;fs; topgLfpd;wdu;. ,t; nt];ypad; vy;iyg; gs;spf;$lj;jpw;Fk; ePz;l ehs;fshfg; Nghl;bAk; gpzf;Fk; ,Ue;Jte;jikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Muk;gfhy fpwp];jt ghlrhiyfspYk; Xustpw;Fr; rhjpaikg;G Ngzg;glNtz;ba mtrpak; (epu;g;ge;jk;) ghjpupfSf;F Vw;gl;lJ vd;W mwpaf;fplf;fpwJ. cs;@u; cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fSk; gpuGf;fSk; jq;fs; gps;isfisf; fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyf;Nf mDg;gpdu;. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpAk; Ml;rpahsupd; mDruizAk; ,tu;fspd; me;j];Jg; NgZiff;F mtrpakhf ,Ue;jik ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhfyhk;. “Ntjg; gs;spf;$lq;fSf;Fs;|| $l jho;j;jg;gl;ltu;fs; tFg;gpw;Fs; rkkhf ,Ue;J fy;tp fw;f Kbahj epiy ,Ue;jjhfTk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. vdpDk; RNjrpfspd; gs;spf;$lq;fspy; ,Ue;j ,Wf;fk; fpwp];jt gs;spf;$lq;fspy; epyttpy;iy vd;gJk; cz;ikNa.
,t;thwhd fy;tpkuG Njhd;wp tsu;e;j tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; jpz;izg; gs;spfs;> fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyfs;> RNjrpfs; epWtpa ghlrhiyfs;> ,e;Jg;Nghl; epWtpa ghlrhiyfs; vdg; gy ghlrhiyfSk; gpd; murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfSk; vdg; gy;NtW ghlrhiyfs; ,aq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. ,it ,g;gFjpapd; fy;tp epiyiaAk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;ijAk; NgZgitahfTk;> tsu;g;gitahfTk; nraw;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jq;fs; gps;isfisf; fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;f mDg;gpa cau; rhjpf;fhuu;fs; gyu; irtg; gs;spf;$lq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ngupJk; ghLgl;Ls;sikAk; ,g;gFjpapNy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpWghd;ikr; r%fj;jtu;f;nfd cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fs; Mq;fhq;F rpy gs;spf;$lq;fSk; epWtpAs;sdu;. Muk;gf; fy;tpNa ,q;F Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. “ifnaOj;J|| itf;fg; goFkstpw;fhd gbg;G epWtdq;fshfNt ,it fhzg;gl;ld.
,j;jifa R+oy;fspNyjhd; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; gs;su; r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j jpU. fh. R+ud; mtu;fshy; xU ghlrhiy epWtg;gl;lJ. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,j;jifa Kaw;rp xU mRurhjidnadyhk;. Njtiuahsp ,e;Jfy;Y}upnad toq;Fk; mg;ghlrhiy Muk;gfhyj;jpy; Njtuahsp irttpj;jpahrhiynad miof;fg;gl;lJ. tlkuhl;rpapd; “rhjpkhd;fSlDk;||> fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyfSlDk; Nghl;b Nghl;L kpFe;j rpukj;jpw;F kj;jpapy; ,g;ghlrhiyia jpU. R+ud; mtu;fs; fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;fs;. rpWghd;ikr; r%fj;jpdupd; fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhf ,g;gs;spf;$lk; mike;jJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa rhjpnajpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; gpd;dzpia Muha;e;J ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ Njtiuahsp irttpj;jpahrhiy rhj;tPfg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kjw;gbahf mikfpwJ vdyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; jpU. R+ud; mtu;fSf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; cz;L. rpWghd;ik kfd; xUtd;> fpwp];jt kjj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; fy;tptsu;r;rpf;fhfTk; vLj;j Kaw;rp tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. jpU R+ud; mtu;fspd; Muk;g fhyf; fy;tp Kaw;rpAk;> mtupd; ghlrhiyapd; tsu;r;rpg; gbfSk; fhyj;jpd; Nfhyj;ijAk; r%f cwT epiyg;ghl;ilAk; ed;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
jpU. R+udpd; Kaw;rpf;F mf;fhyj;jpypUe;j cs;Su; cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fs; ,;d;dy; tpistpj;jNghJk;> rpyu; cs;shu;e;j cjtpfisAk; nra;Js;sdu; vd;gij R+ud; mtu;fNs Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;fs;. fpwp];jt kjj;ijj; jOtp jkJ r%f me;j];ij cau;j;jpf;nfhs;s tpUk;ghj irtg;gw;wpdhy; ,tu; vLj;j Kaw;rp ghuhl;lf;$baJ. ,tupd; ghlrhiyf;fhd epjpNrfupg;G Kaw;rpgw;wpa tpsk;guk; ,e;Jrhjdg; gj;jpupifapYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
jhd; epWtpa ghlrhiyapy; Muk;gf;fhyq;fspy; jhNd jiyik MrpupauhfTk; jdJ kidtpAk; jk;igah vd;gtUNk cjtp Mrpupau;fshfTk; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ,g;ghlrhiyf;F cau;e;j rhjpf;fhu Mrpupau;fis epakpf;fj; jhk; gl;l ,d;diyr; R+ud; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;fs;. 8
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehnlq;fpYk; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;Ff; fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;l R+o;epiyapy; tlkuhl;rpapy; xU Njtiuahsp irt tpj;jpahrhiy Njhd;wp tsu;e;jJ mRurhjidNa. kpf mz;ikf; fhyktiu rpWghd;ikj; jkpo; khztu;fs; ghlrhiyfSfFs; rkkhfg; gpuNtrpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJk; cz;ikNa.
ehq;fs; khztu;fshf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpNy jkpo;g; ghlrhiyfspNy rpWghd;ikj; jkpo; khztupd; njhif kpff; FiwT. mt;thW gbj;jtu;fSk; tFg;giwapypUe;J gbf;f mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. ntspNa jho;thuj;jpy; epd;Nw mtu;fs; gbg;gJ tof;fk;||.9
,g;gbahd fhyr; R+o;epiyapy; R+udtu;fs; vLj;j Kaw;rpjhd;> irtg;Gytu; ty;ypGuk;> my;itA+u;f; ftpQu; K. nry;iyah Kjypa fw;Nwhiu mr; r%fj;jpw;Fj; je;jJ.
J}a irt tho;T tho;e;j R+ud; mtu;fs; ftpapaw;WtjpYk; gjpfq;fs; ghLtjpYk; ty;ytu;. gpw;fhyq;fspy; jpiug;gl tpku;rdq;fSk; vOjpAs;shu;. ,tu; vOjpa guhrf;jp gl tpku;rdNk ekf;Fj; njupe;j tiuapy; <oj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntspte;j xU gl tpku;rd E}yhFk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ,d;W vz;gJf;Fk; mjpfkhd murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,itahTk; Muk;g epiyfspypUe;J Cw;nwLj;J tsu;e;J te;jitNa.
KisapNyNa fUfpg; Nghd> gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; mope;j> mopf;fg;gl;l fy;tp epWtdq;fSk; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. murhq;f cjtp ,y;yhikahYk; Cutu;fspd; cjtp xj;jhirapd;ikahYk; ,it epfo;e;jd vdyhk;.
3 . 3 fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpid Nehf;Fk; nghOJ epWtd uPjpahd> mikg;gpidr; rhuhJ. jdpahu; rpyuhYk;> xU rpy FothYk;> rdr%f epiyaq;fs;> fpuhk Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fq;fs;> thrpfrhiyfs; vd;gdtw;whYk;m fy;tpg;gzp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,it E}yfkhfTk;> thuj;jpnyhUKiwahtJ nrhw;nghopTfs; eilngWk; ,lkhfTk;> Guhz> ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa tFg;Gf;fs; eilngWkplkhfTk; toq;fp te;Js;sd. ,it xt;nthU rpWrpW epiyaq;fshfTk; rhjpaikg;Gf;Fl;gl;litahfTk; epytp te;Js;sd. jq;fs; jq;fs; rhjpapd; cau;it epWtTk; ,f;fy;tp epWtdq;fs; gad;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd; ngau; rhjpapd; ngauhy; my;yJ jk; rhjpapd; Kjd;ik ngw;w Guhz ,jpfhr ehafu;fspd; ngauhy; epWtg;gl;ld. cjhuzkhf> cl;lf;$j;ju; rdr%fepiyak;> jpUePyfz;lu; klhyak;> tp];tFy Kd;Ndw;w epiyak; vd;W toq;fpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,it gpw;gl> ts;Stu; rdr%f epiyak;> ghujp gbg;gfk; vd;W ngau; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ,it Kf;fpa mq;fkhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
Jd;dhiyiar; Nru;e;j jpUePyfz;l njhz;lu; kl Myak; mt;tplj;jpYs;s Fatu; Flk;gj;jpdu; epWtpajhFk;. ,jp;y; fy;tp Kaw;rpfs; eilngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; ,Ue;Nj Jd;dhiyiar; Nru;e;j GytUk;> gz;bju; vd miof;fg;gl;ltUkhd jpU. jh. KUNfR mtu;fs; Njhd;wpAs;shu;fs;. ,tu; jkpo; ehl;bYk; rpy fhyk; tho;e;J ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wtuhthu;. 10
eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;is mtu;fs; tho;e;j ,lj;jpy; mtupd; ngauhy; ,d;Wk; xU ey;y E}y; epiyak; ,aq;fptUfpd;wJ. Mz;L NjhWk; tpohntLj;J> kyUk; ntspapLfpd;wdu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; ghuk;gupaj;jpidg; NgZk; tifapy; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; fyhepiyak; xd;W GNyhypapy; ,d;Wk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; rdr%f epiyaq;fs;> thrpfrhiyfs; tfpj;j gq;Fk; Kf;fpakhdJ vdyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpYk; thzp fiyf;fofk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. 1953Mk; Mz;L tiuapy; gz;bju; f. tPufj;jpatu;fshy; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ tlkuhlrpapypUe;Jkl;Lky;y Flhehl;bd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk; khztu;fs; ,q;F te;J gapd;wdu;. ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> jUf;fk;> rpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; ghlq;fs; ,q;F elj;jg;gl;ld. <oj;Jr; rhe;jp epNfjdkhf mikaNtz;Lnkd ,jd; ,yl;rpak; ,Ue;jJ. gpuNtr gz;bju;> ghygz;bju;> gz;bju; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wpa gyu; ,jpy; gbj;J tpNrl rpj;jpAk; ngw;wdu;. irtgupghyd rigapdu; elj;jpa irtg;Gytu; guPl;irapy; ,f;fofj;jpypUe;J Njhw;wpg; gyu; jpwikr; rpj;jp ngw;wdu;. gy Cu;> gyrhjp khztu;fSk; xU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gapYjy; Nghd;w czu;Tld; ,q;F gapd;wdu;. ,q;F fw;gpj;jtu;fSs; gz;bju; tPufj;jp> irtg; Gytu; v];. ty;ypGuk;> Gytu; GtNd];tup> gz;bju; nghd;. fNzrd; Nghd;wtu;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;. Cjpak; vJTkpd;wp khztuplk; Ntjdk; ngwhJ ,t;thzp fiyf;fofk; ,aq;fpaik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfj;jpNyNa Kjd; Kjy; njhy;fhg;gpaUf;F tpohntLj;J ngUik ,f;fofj;ijNa rhUk;. mofhd Mz;L kyu;fis ntspapl;L tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; Ngzpa ngUik ,jw;Fz;L. <oj;jpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; ,f;fofj;jpd; khztu;fs; ,d;Wk; GfOld; tpsq;Ffpwhu;fs;.
jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J tUifjUk; NguwpQu;fs; gyu; ,f;fofj;jpw; nrhw;nghopT Mw;wpaJld; ,f;fofj;ijg; ghuhl;bAk;> tho;j;jpAk; nrd;Ws;sdu;. m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd;> fp.th. [fe;ehjd;> Fd;wf;Fb mbfs;> tp[aghujp jk;gjpapdu;> tr;rpuNtY Kjypahu;> rh. fNzrd; Nghd;Nwhu; Fwpg;gplf;$batu;fs;. 1962Mk; Mz;L rpwe;j Xu; Mz;L kyiuAk; ,f;fofk; ntspapl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
thzp fiyf;fofk; khztu;fis cUthf;fpaJld; r%fj; njhz;bYk; khztu;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;Js;sJ. Gj;jf ntspaPl;L Kaw;rpfisAk; ,f;fofk; Nkw;nfhz;lik Fwpg;gplf;$baJ.
3 . 4 fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; vOj;jpyf;fpaKk;
jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpYk;> jkpo;f;fy;tpg; gug;gpYk; jkpo; ciueil tsu;r;rpapYk; mr;rpae;jpurhiyfs; ngw;w Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Vl;lstpy; epd;W mope;JNghfhJ mit mr;Rthfdk; Vwpj; jkpo; $W ey;Yynfq;fZk; ftdpte;j fhyj;jpNy tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapYk; mr;rfq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld. mit gbg;gbahf mstpYk;> NtiyapYk;> ngUfj; njhlq;fpd. ehtyu; mr;Rf;$lk; nfhz;Lte;j fhyg;gFjpia mLj;J tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapYk; mr;Rf;$lq;fs; epWtg;gl;ljhf mwpa KbfpwJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw Mfpa ,lq;fspNyNa tlkuhl;rpapd; Kjy; mr;Rf;$lq;fs; mike;jd.
jdf;nfd mr;Rf;$lk; xd;wpid epWtpf;nfhz;ljd; %yk;
,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau; ehtyu; ifahz;l eilKiw
nahd;iwg; gpd;gw;wpdhnud;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.|| 11
vd;W Nguhrpupau; fhu;j;jpNfR rpyj;jk;gp $WtJ tlkuhl;rpapy; Muk;gfhyq;fspNyNa mr;Rf;$lq;fspd; tUif njhlq;fptpl;ld vd;gjw;F Mjhukhfpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa mr;Rf;$lq;fs; XusTf;F (mf;fhy) ,g;gFjpapd; mr;Rj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;jdntd;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ty;ntl;bj;Jiw ghujP epiya Kj;jpuhl;rurhiy> Jk;gis fyhepjp mr;Rae;jpurhiy> tpahghup%iy fyhgtd mr;rfk;> ney;ypab rptFf mr;Rae;jpurhiyfs; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy njhopw;gl;ld. ,jdhYk; GyikAk;> mwpTk; tpUj;jpahFk; tha;g;G cz;lhdnjdyhk;.
,t;tr;Rf;$lq;fs; gioa Vl;Lg;gpujpfisg; gupNrhjidgz;zp mr;rpLtjpYk;> ntspahd E}y;fSf;F ciunaOjpg; gjpg;gpj;jypYk;> Cs;Su;g; Gytu;fspd; Mf;fq;fisAk; fz;ldj; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fisAk;> rujktpfisAk; mr;rpLtjpYk; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; <Lgl;bUe;jd. gpw;gFjpfspy; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs;> gQ;rhq;fq;fs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> tho;j;J kly;fs;> miog;gpjo;fs;> tpsk;guq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwAk; mr;rpl;Ls;sd. ,t;tr;Rf;$lq;fis epWtpatu;fs; jkpowpTk;> jkpo;g;gw;W Ks;stu;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
,t;tr;Rf;$lq;fspy; aho;g;ghzd; epWtpa fyhgtd mr;Rf;$lk; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfNshL ngUkstpy; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fisAk; mr;rpl;L ntspapl;Ls;sJ. mr;rfq;fs; ntspaPl;L epWtdq;fshfTk;> Gj;jf tpw;gdT epiyaq;fshfTk; njhopw;gl;lNjhL E}y;epiyakhfj; njhopw;gl;likiaAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Jk;gisapw; Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs; epWtpa mr;Rf;$lj;Jld; ‘Gj;jfj; jUkhyak;| vd;w xU E}yfj;ijAk; epWtpapUe;jhu;. gzq;nfhLj;J thq;fpg; gbf;f itj;jhuhk;. ,t;tr;rfKk; E}y;epiyaKk; ,d;W mbNahlope;Js;sJ. ,e;j ,lj;ij .,d;Wk; “mr;Rf;$lj;jb|| vd;Nw nghJkf;fs; miof;fpd;wdu;.
gj;jpupiffs;
tlkuhl;rpapy; epWtg;gl;l mr;rpae;jpurhiyfspypUe;J mt;tg;NghJ gj;jpupiffSk; ntspte;Js;sd. ty;ntl;bj;Jiw ghujP epiya Kj;jpuhl;rurhiyapypUe;J irthgpkhdp vd;Dk; gj;jpupif khj ntspaPlhf ntspte;jJ. ,g;gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupahuhf ty;it itapj;jpaypq;fk;gps;isapd; kztUk; cwtpdUkhd ngh.Qhdrghgjpg;gps;is gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,g;gj;jpupif rka r%fg; gzpiaNa Kjd;ikahdjhff; nfhz;baq;fpaNghJk; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz tplaq;fSf;Fk; Nghjpa ,lkspj;Js;sJ vdj; njupatUfpwJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ntspte;j gj;jpupiffspYk; ,Jnt %j;jjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gj;jpupifapy; tlkuhl;rpf;F ntspapY;ss mwpQu;fspd; Mf;fq;fSk; thjg;gpujpthjq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ty;it itapj;jpypq;fk;gps;isapd; [duQ;rfkhd gilg;Gf;fSk;> r%fr; rPu;NfLfisr; Rl;b vOe;j ghly;> ciueil tplaq;fSk; ,g;gj;jpupifapy; ntspte;jjhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mtu; gy;NtW Gidngau;fspy; ,tw;iw vOjpdhu; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
tjpupapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j Qhdrpj;jp ae;jpurhyapy; ,Ue;J mjd; cupikahsu; tpj;Jthd; rp.ehfypq;fk;gps;is vd;gtiu Mrpupauhff;nfhz;L Qhdrpj;jp vd;Dk; gj;jpupif ntspte;jJ. VyNt ,tupd; jikadhu; tpj;Jthd; jhNkhjuk;gps;is tz;zhu; gz;izapy; ,Ue;J ntspapl;l Qhdrpj;jp gj;jpupifiaNa ,tu; tjpupapy; ,Ue;J ntspapl;lhu;. (1934Mk; Mz;L Vg;gpuy; 13 ,jopy;) Qhdrpj;jpg; gj;jpupifapy; gpd;tUk; tpQ;Qhgdk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
1908Mk; Mz;L khrpkhjj;jpy; vdJ jikadhu; Qhdrpj;jp vd;Dk; gj;jpupifia aho;g;ghzj;jpNy Muk;gpj;J ehd;F tUl fhyk; gpuRuQ;nra;jhu;fs;. gpd; mit Gj;jfkhff; fl;btpw;fg;gl;ld. 1915Mk; Mz;L mg;Gj;jfq;fs; mUikahd gbahy; gyUk; MtYld; NjLthuhapdu;. ,jidf; nfhz;L ahk; Qhdrpj;jpia ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf mr;rplyhnkd epidj;J rpy md;gu;fNshL Nahrid nra;jjpy; mtu;fs; ek;ikg; ngupJk; cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. gzKl;ljpfkhd ,f;fhy epiyikfspYk; Nahrpj;Jj; njhlq;Fk;gbAk; Gj;jp Gfl;bdhu;fs;.
irtrkaj;jpd; jw;fhy epiyia Nehf;Fk;NghJ Rk;khtpUf;f kdk;tuhky; jpUtUisNa
Jizahff; nfhz;L jikadhu; mtu;fs; nra;J Nghe;j njhz;ilg; gpd;gw;wpr; nra;Jtu
vz;zp Qhdrpj;jpg; gj;jpupifiag; gpufhQ; nra;Jtu Kd;te;Njhk;.||
Qhdrpj;jpg; gj;jpuhjpgu;
,jpypUe;J gj;jpupif ntspaPl;L epWtdq;fshfTk; mr;rfq;fs; njhopw;gl;lik Gydhfpd;wJ. Gj;jfntspaPL tpw;gid> ciu vd;gtw;wpw;F Qhdrpj;jpapy; te;j tpsk;guk; xd;W Fwpg;gplf;$bau;.
jQ;ir thzd; Nfhit
Fd;wj;J}u; ml;lhtjhdp nrhf;fg;gehju; ciuAk;
tpj;Jthd; rp. ehfypq;fk;gps;is ,aw;wpa>
E}yhrpupau;> ciuahrpupau; rupj;jpuk; gytif Muha;r;rpf;
Fwpg;G vd;gitfSk; mlq;fpAs;sd.
Qhdrpj;jp mr;rpae;jpurhiy>
gjpg;ghrpupau; rp. ehfypq;fk;gps;is
1935 – Gul;lhjp.
mr;rfq;fspd; gzpia gpuNjr vy;iyf;Fs; mlf;Fjy; rhyhJ. mr;Rg;gzp fhyq;flj;Jk;> Njrq;flj;Jk; epd;W epiyg;git. Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfspd; gQ;rhq;fk; jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yynfq;Fk; gue;jpUe;jikAk; rpwe;jpUe;jikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
gioa Vl;Lg;gpujpfspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;L mr;RthfdNkwpa ehl;lhu; ghly;fisAk; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzKbfpwJu;. tlkuhl;rpf;F mg;ghy;> tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;kpf;f td;dpts ehl;by; toq;fpa Ntyg;gzpf;fu; ngz;rhjp – mupahj;jiNgupy; xg;ghup vd;Dk; E}y; fPiof;fuit t.fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fshy; ney;ypab rptFf mr;rpae;jpurhiyapw; gjpg;gpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
mr;rfq;fs; gd;Kfg;gl;l gzpapid Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sikiaf; Fwpg;gpLk;nghOJ gj;jpupiffs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. mr;rf cupikAk;> trjpAkw;wtu;fDk; gj;jpupiffs; elhj;jpAs;sdu;. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; NgZfpd;w mNjNtisapy; <oj;jpd; nghJthd yf;fpag;Nghf;fpw;Fk; Nehf;fpw;Fk; <LnfhLj;J ,it ,aq;fpAs;sd. <okzp> Njrj;njhz;ld;> fz;fs;> irtNghjpdp Kjypa gj;jpupiffSk; tho;e;J kbe;jpUf;fpd;wd. <okzp gw;wpa tpguq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Njrj;njhz;ld; khjg; gpuRukhf - ,yf;fpak;> r%fk;> tuyhW> murpay; vd;w gFjpfisf; nfhz;L ntspte;Js;sJ. ,jd; MrpupaUk; mjpgUk; aho;g;ghzj;Jf; fl;ilNtypA+u; gz;bju; N[. v];. Mo;thg;gps;is vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.
irtNghjpdp gUj;jpj;Jiw irtg;gpufhr rigahuhy; irtrkapfs; Kd;Ndw;wk; fUjp ntspaPlg;gLk; Xu; khjg; gj;jpupif vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. irtrkaf; fl;LiufSk;> Mrq;iffSk; ,lk;ngw;w ,g;gj;jpupifapy; tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j mwpQu;fs; gyu; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;su;. funtl;bfpof;F f. nghd;dk;;gy cghj;jpahau;> Nguhrpupau; rptj;jk;gp mtu;fspd; je;ijahu; gz;bju; fhu;j;jpNfR Nghd;Nwhu; gyNtW jiyg;Gf;fsp;;y; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. R. rptghjRe;juk; njhlu;e;J ,g;gj;jpupifapw; rkaf; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;sikAk; mtjhdpf;ff;$baJ.
“fz;fs;|| gj;jpupif my;itA+u; Mrpupau; R. fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fis Mrpupauhff;nfhz;L ntspte;jJ. mtiur; “Rfzh|| vd miog;gu;. r%f rPu;jpUj;jk;> rhjp vjpu;g;G> ,yf;fpak;> ehty;> rpW fij vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fp XusT jp.K.f. ghzpapy; ntspte;j rQ;rpifahFk;. mjd; ml;il fWg;Gk; rptg;GkhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. mz;zh> <.Nt.uh. NghdNwhupd; glq;fSk;> nghd;nkhopfSk; fz;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Kf;fpa gFjpfspnyhd;whd funtl;biar; Nru;e;j rp. rptQhdRe;juj;ij Mrpupauhff; nfhz;L ntsptUk; rpupj;jpud; gj;jpupifia ,t;tplj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. ,g;gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupau; jdpj;Jepd;W <oj;J ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ts%l;Lk; tlkuhl;rpapd; gpujpepjpfspy; Kf;fpakhdtuhfpwhu;. jdpNa eifr;Ritia khj;jpuk; nfhz;L Muk;gj;jpy; ntspte;j rpupj;jpud; ,d;W ehty;> rpWfij> ftpij> Gjf;ftpij> Nfs;tp gjpy; vd;Nw gy;NtW mk;rq;fisf;nfhz;L ntsptUfpd;wJ. ,g;gj;jpupifapy; ,lk;ngWk; eifr;Ritj; Jzf;Ffs; gytw;wpy; tlkuhl;rpapd; Kj;jpiu njuptJz;L.
rptQhdRe;juk; jpdfud; gj;jpupifapy; jpdKk; ntspapl;l rthupj;jk;gu; vd;Dk; fUj;Njhtpatpsf;fk; mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUkjpg;igAk; nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. Nghuhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp jpdfud; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpNyNa rthupj;jk;giu mwpJKfQ;nra;Jitj;jhu;. tlkuhl;rpapy; tho;e;j jk;gu; vd;Dk; rhjhuz kdpjid (mtUf;Fg; gl;lg;ngau; rthupj; jk;gu;) ehlwpAk; xU ghj;jpukhf khw;wpAs;shu;. jk;gu; ,yf;fpak;> epfz;L vd;gtw;iwf; fw;W mwpe;jNjhL kpfTk; Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jid cs;stuhfTk; fhzg;gl;ltu;. ney;ypab klj;jpy; FbauR gj;jpupifiag; gyu;f;Fk; gbj;Jf;fhl;batu;. <.Nt. uhtpd; Fbaurpy; mq;fj;jtuhf ,UE;jtu; vd;Wk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,tUld; ,ize;J FbauRg; gj;jpupif gbj;jtu;fSk;> Kw;Nghf;fpid tsu;j;jtu;fSkhd FO xd;W ney;ypabapy; ,aq;fpte;jJ. ,tu;fNs <.Nt.uhit ney;ypabf;F mioj;Jf; $l;lk; elj;jpf; fy;nywpgl;ltu;fshtu;. mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu FbauR fe;jg;G> FbauR nry;iyah Nghd;w “tpUJg; ngau;fSld;| tho;e;jtu;fisAk; ney;ypabapNt fhzyhk;.
,t;thW Kf;fpak; ngw;w rthupj;jk;giuAk;> mtupd; ez;gdhd rpd;df;Fl;biaAk;> funtl;bapy; ,d;Wk; thOk; fpl;bziuAk;> tpf;fpupiaAk;> ed;didAk; ghj;jpukhff; nfhz;L jpU. rptQhdRe;juk;> Re;ju; vDk; ngaupy; tiue;j Xtpaq;fs eifr;RitNahL r%fr;rPu;jpUj;jj;ijAk;> tlkuhl;rpapd; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk;> nkhopeiliaAk; ntspf;nfhzu;e;jd. ,tu; ifahz;l %ly;> gdq;fop> rTf;fk;> ngl;lfk;> rj;jfk;> rjpuYf;F> rhthup> rpd;dNksk;> ijyhg;ngl;b Kjypa nrhw;fs; tlkuhl;rpia ,dq;fhl;Ltd. mj;NjhL thuntspaPLspyl “rpj;jpufhdk.;|| vDk; jyg;gpy; rpdpkhg; ghly;fSf;Fr; rPu;jpUj;jkhd Nfypr;rpj;jpuq;fisAk; tiue;Js;shu;. (glk; - 2)
Nfhapw; gjpfq;fs;:
tlkuhl;rpapd; gy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; Nfhapw; gjpfq;fs; rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. mit: gjpfk; CQ:ry;> me;jhjp> ,ul;ilkzpkhiy> ehd;kzpkiy> Kk;kzf;;Nfhit> tpQ;rjp> xUgh ,UgJ Nghd;w gy;NtWtifapd. ngUk;ghYk; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; te;jtu;fNs mjpfkhd ,t;tpyf;fpa tbtq;fis Mf;fpAs;sdu;. mt;tg;NghJ mit E}y; tbtKk; ngw;Ws;sd. ngUk;ghYk; Flhehl;bw;Nf nghUe;Jfpd;w ,t;tpyf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpf;Fr; rpwg;ghdnjdf; nfhs;sKbahJ. vdpDk; Mw;wy;tha;e;j Gytu;fspdhy; ,it nra;ag;gl;likapd; “nrhw;Rit nghUl;Rit|| epuk;gpaitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; fe;jtd ehjUQ;ry; njhlf;fk; gz;bju; f. tPufj;jpapd; “fz;zpw; fhf;Fk; fhtyd;|| tiu ,r;rpwg;gpidf; fhzyhk;.
xU fpuhkj;jpy;> gbj;jtnudf; fUjf;$batUf;F ,Ue;j kjpg;G ,g;gbahd gjpfq;fs; ghLtjdhYk; Guhzj;jpw;Fg; gad; nrhy;tjdhYNk epiyepWj;jg;gl;lJ. r%fk; mtuplk; ,j;jifa Mw;wiyNa vjpu;ghu;j;jJ gz;bju;> Gytu; Kjyhd gl;lg;ngau;fis> gjpfk;> rukftp Mfpatw;iw ,aw;WtNjhL Guhzgldk; nra;Ak; ahtUf;Fk; ,g;gFjp kf;fs; ,l;L toq;fpaij mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
,ay;ghfg; Gyiktha;e;jpUe;j rpyUk; mf;fhyf; fy;tpg; ghuk; gupaj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;g;l;L ahg;G mzp ,tw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s Kad;wpUf;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; Mw;wYs;s rpy Gytu;fSk; ,yf;fz tuk;gpDs; epd;W Mf;fNtz;bapUe;jpUf;fpwJ. “rPu;NkT||> “fhu;NkT|| vd;W njhlq;fpa ghq;fpypUe;J ,tw;iw mwpaKbfpwJ. vdpDk; mtu;fs; ,yf;fzj;jpy; ,;lwp tpOe;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy. jhk; tho;e;j gFjpapYiwe;j flTsiu my;yJ topgL flTsiug;gw;wp ,tu;fs; ghbAs;s ghly;fis Ezf;fkhf mZfpdhy; ,tu;fspd; gpwg;gplk;> rhjp> njhopy; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. xU fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;j ,d;ndhU fpuhkj;jpy; my;yJ Cupy; tho;e;jhUk; jhd; gpwe;j gFjpapYiwe;j flTs;kPJ xU gjpfk;> my;yJ xU ghlyhtJ ghbapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
gf;jpAzu;Tk;> jj;JtNehf;Fk; nfhz;litahf vOe;j ,e;jg; gjpfq;fspD}Nl Nfhapy;nfhz;l ngUkhdpd; GfioAk;> Nfhapy; tuyhWfisr; Rl;Lfpd;w nrtptopr; nra;jpfisAk;> Guhz mjpfhrf; fijfisAk;> mt;T+u; Myafu;j;jhtpd; FLk;gg; ngUik> toikfisAk;> ,dj;jtupd; rpwg;igAk; fl;Ltdthf mike;jpUf;fpd;wikiaAk; fhzyhk;.
r%f tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhfNth> vd;dNth mz;ikf;fhyj;jpnyOe;j gjpfq;fspy; Myak; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfisAk;> mjdpaf;Fdu; FotpdiuAk; ieahz;b nra;J> fbe;J $Wk; ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;wik Fwpg;gplf;$baJ. fhyXl;lj;jpy; flTsiu topgLk; mbatu;fs; Myak; rhu;e;jtu;fisr; rpNyilahf ieahz;bnra;Ak; ,g;gz;gpid “kiyNghNy xU khL topkwpf;fpwNj|| vd;w ee;jdhu; rupj;jpu ehlfj;jpNy tUk; [duQ;rfUkhd ghlYld; xg;gplyhk;. mt;thNW gf;jpiag; ghlte;j gyu; r%fj;jpidAk; ehR+f;fhfr; rhbAs;sdu;. cjhuzkhff;> funtl;bapy;> jr;re;Njhg;G tpehafu;kPJ gz;bju; j.tPufj;jpatu;fs; ghba “fz;zpw; fhf;Fk; fhtyd;|| vd;Dk; gjpfjjpypUe;J xU ghliyr; Rl;lyhk;. me;j Myaj;jpy; topgLk; mbahu;fs; rpyiu mwpe;jtu;fs; milahsk; fhZk; tifapy; mg;gjpfg; ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd vdyhk;.
“fhdkapw; ghtid nra;fhl;Lf; Nfhop
fLtplj;jpw; fue;JiwAk; fupa ehfk;
Qhdtpop Nahfpaupw; J}q;Fk; G+id
ehtpuz;L $Wila cLk;NghL. ML
Nghdtop eidamOk; Xeha; ,e;jg;
G+Tyifj; jiyfPoha;g; ghu;f;Fk; ntsthy;
Md,it vy;yhNk mba uhfp
Mfbak; nra;tJKd; Ml Nyhnrhy;.|| 12
vd;w ghliy tifkhjpupfFf; fhl;lyhk;. gf;jpapD}L r%fr; rPuoptpidg; ghLtjidg; ghu;f;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,g;gFjpapy; cs;s Myaq;fs; kPJ ghlg;gl;l CQ;rw;gjpfq;fs; Mz;LNjhWk; elf;Fk; jpUtpohf;fspy; G+q;fhtdj; jpUtpohtd;W gz;Zld; ghlg;gLtJ tof;fk;. gbj;jtu;fs; kl;Lkd;wpg; ghkuUk; ,t;thwhd gjpfq;fisr; Ritj;J kfpo;e;J kddkhf itj;jpUg;gjw;F ,Jnt fhuzkhFk;.
tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j Gytu;fs; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpf;F ntspNaAs;s gpurpj;jpngw;w jyq;fshd ey;Y}u;> khtpl;lGuk;> rpj;jhz;b khkhq;fk;> fjpu;fhkk;> jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> NfhNz];tuk;> ntUfy;> eapdhjPT Nghd;w Myaq;fspd;kPJk; gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;sdu;. njhopy;fhuzkhf ,t;tplq;fspNyh> mUfpNyh trpj;jikahYk;> topghl;Lzu;thYk; ,it vOe;jpUf;fyhk. ,tw;iw tpl NtW rpyu; Gytu;fsplk; te;J jhq;fs; Nfl;Lj; jq;fs; Njitf;fhfTk; Neu;e;jpf;fhfTk; GfOf;fhfTk; ghLtpj;Js;sikiaAk; fhzyhk;. mt;thW ghlg;gl;l gjpfq;fspd; ml;ilapy; ,d;dhupd; Nfs;tpg;gb ,d;dhu; ghbaJ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gjidAk; fhzyhk;.
Gytu;fspd; kdf;Fiw> Neha;> Njit ,tw;wpid eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;Lk; gjpfq;fs; vOe;Js;sd. jhq;fs; nrYj;Jk; fhzpf;ifahf> Neu;j;jpf;fldhfr; nra;tjhfTk; rpyupd; ghly;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.jhk; ghba ghly;fisj; jpdKk; topgLk;NghJ ghbg;ghb topgl;ljhfTk;> mjdhy; Nfl;lJ fpilj;jjhfTk; rpyu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. <oehl;bd; gpurpj;jpngw;w gy irt Myq;fs;kPJ CQ;rw; gjpfq;fs; gytw;iwg; ghbAs;s funtl;biar; Nru;e;j t. rptuhrrpq;fk; mz;ikapy; eapid ehfG+rzp gps;isj; jkpioAk; ghbAs;shu;. ,t;tupirapy; f. fzgjpg;gps;is Mrpupaupd; jr;irr; rpNyil ntz;ghTk; tpje;Njhjf; $baJ. gf;jpAld; ,ize;J GyikAk; jkpOk; tsu;e;jJ ekf;Fg; Gjpjy;yNt.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jhy; Kfpo;j;j ,yf;fpa tsj;jpd; xU gyk;tha;e;j epidTr; rpd;dkhf ,g;gjpfq;fs; epd;W epyTfpd;wd. ntz;gh> tpUj;jk;> fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw> mfty; Nghd;w gy;NtW ahg;G tbtq;fspYk; ,g;gjpfq;fs; vOe;Js;sd. ,it Mf;fpNahupd; “ahg;gwp Gyikia|| ntspf;fhl;LtdthfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fw;gidtsKk;> gf;jpr; RitAk; epiwe;jitahf ,tw;wpw; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk; cz;ikNa. mNjNtisapy; tpj;Jtj;jpwidf; fhl;LgitahfTk; ntWQ; nra;Ashf mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wditAk; cz;L. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ghly; ngwhj> ghlg;glhj Myaq;fNs ,y;iynadyhk;.
rhkftpfs;
tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; rukftpfs;> (,uq;fw;ghf;fs;) ngWk; gq;Fk; Kf;fpakhdJ. jd;Dzu;r;rpahf ntsptuj;njhlq;fpa ,f;ftpij kuG gz;bju;fisAk; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tpahsu;fisAk; ghkuu;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sikia mwpaKbfpd;wJ. rukftpfisf; “fy;ntl;b|| vd miog;gjpypUe;J mjd; njhd;ikiaAk; Njhw;wj;jpidAk; mwpayhk;.
,r;rukftp kugpYk; ,UntWgl;l r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cz;L. cwtpdu;> ez;gu; ,we;jNghJ jhNk kdKUfpg; ghLtJ xd;W.
gzq; nfhLj;Jj; jk; FLk;gepiy> me;j];J vd;gtw;iwAk; kdczu;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jg; ghLtpg;gJ ,d;ndhd;W.
Kd;tifapy; jd;dhrhd;> ez;gu;> jha;> je;ij> cwtpdu; ,tu;fspy; ahuhtJ ,we;jNghJ kdKUfpg; ghLtu;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf MWKfehtyu; ,we;jNghJ rpttk;Gg;Gytu; ghbajidr; Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;.
“M\&h dpy;iyg; Gfypau; Nfhdpy;iy ag;gdpy;iy
rP\&U khzpf;f thrf dpy;iy jpirase;j
Ng\&U khW Kfeh tydpy;iy gpd;dpq;Fahu;
eP\&Uk; Ntzpad; khu;f;fj;ijg; Nghjpf;Fk; ePu;ikaNu.||
vd;w ,uq;fw;ghly; gpuNjrq;fle;j Gfo;ngw;w ghlyhFk;. mf;fhyj;J tho;e;j Gytu;fs;> fy;tpkhd;fs; ,uq;fw;ghf;fs; ,aw;wf;$batu;fshfNt fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,j;JiwAk; mtu;fspd; r%f me;j];ijAk;> mwpitAk;> NjitiaAk; gpujpgypg;gitahfNt mike;jpUe;jd.
fy;ntl;L vDk; rukftpkugpy; xg;ghUk; kpf;fhUkw;wtuhfj; jpfo;e;jtu; fuit ehlff; ftpkzp vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;l fpU];zho;thuhtu;. ,tupd; ghly;fs; ,yf;fpa me;j];Jk;> czu;T eyKk;> eaKk; epiwe;jit. ,ay;ghfNt ftpghLk; Mw;wYs;s ,tu;> gz;bju;fs;> f.tP.> ngh. fhu;j;jpNfR> tpj;Jthd; f. eluh[h Nghd;wtu;fspd; $l;Lwtpdhy; ahg;gwp GytdhfTk; jpfo;fpd;whu;. ntz;gh> tpUj;jk;> fl;lisf;ypj;Jiw Mrpupag;gh Nghd;w gy;NtW ahg;Gtiffspy; ,tu; eakhd ghly;fisg; ghbapUf;fpwhu;. ,e;j E}w;whz;by; <oj;jpy; ,tUf;fpizahd rukftpf; ftpQu; xUtu; tho;e;jhnud;W $wKbahJ.
,tu; ghba Gyk;gy;fs; neQ;irj; njhLgit. fw;gid epiwe;jit. tifkhjpupf;Fg; Nguu; Gyk;gy; vDk; jiyg;gpy; ,tu; ghba ghly; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
“Kw;wj;J kz;Nrhwha; %d;Wkw; fhaLg;gha;
gw;wpagh tl;ilapiy ghw;fwpaha;g; - ngw;Wtpj;Jr;
rhg;gplth mg;gh rikj;jcz thWnjd;W
$g;gpLt jhiuapdpf; $W.||
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; khj;jpukd;wp gyghfq;fspypUe;Jk; ,tiuf;nfhz;L rukftpfs; ghLtpf;fg; gyu; tUtJz;L. nghUj;jkhd fw;gidfSld; cs;sj;ij cUf;Fk tifapy; Gyk;gy;fs; ghLtjpYk; kpfTk; ifNju;e;jtu;.
rukftpfNshL kl;Lk; fpU];zho;thu; epd;wtuy;yu;. tho;j;J kly;fs;> tho;j;Jg;ghf;fs;> gjpfq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs;> flTsu;kPJ jdpg;gl;l Jjpfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; ghbAs;shu;. 1895Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j ,tu; 1972Mk; Mz;bNyNa kuzkhdhu;.
nghd;. fe;ijah> [P. [P. nghd;dk;gyk;> tjpupg; ngupahu; R+ud;> ePr;ry; tPuu; etuj;jpdrhkp Kjypa tlkuhl;rpg; ngupahu; gyiu ,tu; Gfo;e;J ghbapUf;fpwhu;. tifkhjpupf;F ePr;ry; tPuu; etuj;jpdrhkpiag; ghba ghliy ,q;Nf Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;.
tq;fkyp nghq;Ffly; rq;nfhyp Koq;fpLk;
tsNkT njhz;il khD}u;
tujFU Fykfpg; jpUKUFg; gps;isahk;
ts;sYf; fupa RjNd
rq;fkyp gy;fiyj; Jq;fNk etuj;jpd
rhkpNa tUf tUf
rj;jpf;F Kau;ghf;F ePupizia ePe;jpNa
jhz;bNdha; tUf tUf
kq;fsk; nghyptlk; uhl;rpf;F thifkyu;
khl;bNdha; tUf tUf
gq;fkpy; yhjeu rpq;fnkd; Nwj;jpLk;
ghu;j;jNd tUf tUf!
ghuhS kfuhzp tutpDf; nfhUGJik
gutpNdha; eP tUfNt.
,t;thW gy;NtW tifahd ahg;G tbtq;fisAk; re;jq;fisAk; ifahz;L ftpijgilj;j vk;.tP. fpU];zho;thu; ehlfj;Jiwapy; <l;ba GfOf;Fr; rkijahff; ftpijj;JiwapYk; GfoPl;bAs;shu;. ,tiu tuftp vd;Nw miof;fyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; r%f cwitAk;> fpuhkpa epiyiaAk; ed;F rpj;jpupf;Fk; ghly;fs; gytw;iw ,tu; ghbAs;shu;. ngUk; ehlfg; Gytuhd ,tu; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tpawpT ngwhjtnud;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,yf;fzkuG
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; ,yf;fzg; ghuk;gupaj;jpid Nehf;Fk; nghOJ mk;kuG ituk; gha;e;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; epiyg;ghl;bidAk;> Ez;zwptpd; nraw;ghl;bidAk; ,g;ghuk;gupaj;jpNy fhzyhk;.kuGtopf; fy;tpapy; te;jtu;fs; ,yf;fzj;jpy; rpwe;j Nju;r;rpAilatu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. rptrk;Gg;Gytu;> eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;is> fe;j KUNfrd;> Kj;Jf; Fkhurhkpf;FUf;fs;> ,yf;fzf;nfhj;ju;> Fkhurhkpg; Gytu; Nghd;w mwpQu;fs; Njhw;Wtpj;j ,k;kuG gz;bju; tPugj;jptiu epd;W epiyf;fpwJ. ,yf;fzr; R+j;jpuq;fSf;F ciufSk;> ciufSf;F tpsf;fKk; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapypUe;J ntspte;Js;sd. tlkuhl;rpapd; ,yf;fz kugpd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; nrOikiaAk; gz;bju; f. tPufj;jpapd; gpd;tUk; $w;wpypUe;J mwpayhk;.
ciufSf;F tpsf;fk; vOJtjpYk; ek;ktu;fs; tpl;Litj;J tpltpy;iy. ed;D}w; fhz;bif ciuf;Nf tpsf;fk; vOjpdhu; (1902) aho;g;ghzj;Jg; GNyhypA+u; t. Fkhurhkpg; Gytu;> ,e; “ed;D}w; fhz;bif ciu tpsf;fk;|| ,Ul;bypUe;J xspf;Fr; nry;Yk; tha;g;ig ey;fpaJ. tpLglhjpUe;j ,yf;fzg; Gjpu;fis tpLrpj;J rptQhdKdptupd; Mfngau;> md;nkhop NtWghNl <lhl;lk;fhz toptFj;jJ. “tpsf;fg;|| ngUik tpsf;fg;ngUFk;. || 13
,e; ed;D}w; fhz;bif ciu tpsf;fk; vOjpa GNyhyp t. Fkhurhkpg; Gytu; rhjhuzkhfg; NgRk;nghONj ,yf;fz Rj;jkhd thu;j;ijfisNa ifahSthuhk;. rhjhuz Ngr;R tof;F ,tUf;F “mNy[p|| vd;W $Wthu;fs;. ,jdhy; ,tiu mz;bf; fy;tp fw;f khztu;fs; mQ;rpajhfTk; mwpaffplf;fpd;wJ. ,tupd; ,yf;fzg; Gyikgw;wpAk; ,yf;fz tFg;Gg;gw;wpAk; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is eak;glf; $WtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,yf;fze; jd;id tpsq;ff; fw;Nw
,yf;fz newpahy; ,iaGld; Ngrp
te;jil khztu;f; fe;jkpo;j; jkpio
,yf;fz KiwAld; ,ak;gpL KjpNahd;
Nfhjp ypyf;fzf; Nfhtpe;j ndd;Dk;
Fkhu rhkpg; Gytd; jd;dplk; 14
Fkhurhkpg;Gytiutpl ,tUf;F Kd;G tho;e;j ty;it itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is> rptrk;Gg;Gytu; NghNwhu; ek;gp mfg;nghUSf;Fk;> fhupiff;Fk; ciu vOjpAs;sdu;. cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; fhupif ciu> tpsf;fk;> Gjpa ,ay; vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;L ntspte;jJ. gy ru;r;irfSf;Fk; thjq;fSf;FKl;gl;l ,f;fhupifg; gjpg;G %yghlj;jpwdha;thsUf;F kpfTk; gad;glf;$bajhFk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; ,yf;fzg; ghuk;gupaKk; rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; Cw;nwLj;J mtupD}Nl Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpf; FUf;fSf;$lhfg; gutp Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isapw; Njq;fp ,d;W gy;fiyf; fof ,yf;fzkughfg; Nguhrpupau;fs; M. NtYg;gps;is> m. rz;Kfjh]; Nghd;NwhUf; $lhfg; gha;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vdyhk;.
Ie;jpyf;fzj;jpy; mwpTk; Mw;wYKs;stu;fs; tlnkhopapyf;fzq;fspYk; rpwe;j gapw;rpAk; Nju;r;rpAk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. cjhuzkhf> Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpf; FUf;fs;> Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs> GNyhyp t. fzgjpg;gps;is> eh.fjpiuNtw;gs;is KjypNahiur; Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;.
,yf;fzf; fy;tpAld; ,iaTgl;lJk;> fhuzfhupaj; njhlu;GilaJ. “vz;|| vd;W gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;lJkhd jUf;ftpaypYk; ,g;gFjp mwpQu;fs; jpwikAilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. thjk; nra;tjw;Fk; irt rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fis epWTtjw;Fk;> ,yf;fz topia ,Wf;fkhff; filg;gpbj;J epWTtjw;Fk; jUf;fk; vdg;gLk; msit ,ay; gad;gl;lJ.
ghuk;gupag; Gyikapy; te;jtu;fs; Nkw;fhl;ba NjitfSf;fhf msitapaiyj; njspTw mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. rPuhd rpe;jidf;F msit ,ay; gad;gl;lJ vd;W ,tu;fs; $Wfpwhu;fs;. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapypUe;J ,uhkehjgps;is vOjpa msit ,ay; vDk; E}Yk;> f. rptghjRe;juk; vOjpa msit E}Yk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
mfuhjp Kaw;rpfs;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapypUe;J Njhd;wpa fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; gad;jU Kfpo;g;ghd mfuhjp Kaw;rpfSk; Kf;fpajhff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. jkpofuhjpfspd; %ygpjhf;fspy; xUtuhd itkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is cLg;gpl;biar; Nru;e;jtNu. ,tu; Njbj; njhFj;j tplaq;fs; ahTk; kJiuj; jkpo; rq;fj;jhuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;L E}YUg;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jq;F ,tu; kfd; ghyrpq;fk; xU KfTiu vOjpAs;shu;. ,tupd; mfuhjpgw;wp v];. nrgNerd; $WtJ mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
kUj;Jtk;> ,urhadk;> msitapay;> irtrpj;jhe;jhk;> Ntjhe;jk;> jj;Jtk;> myq;fhuk;> Nrhjplk; Kjypa gyJiwf;fiyr; nrhw;fis ,tu; Njbj; njhFj;jhu;. nrhw;fspd; njhifiaAk; mtw;wpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpf El;gkhd tpsf;fq;fisAk; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ xU jdpkdpjd; Mw;wy; ,t;tsth vd;w gpukpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. 15
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; mfuhjp Kaw;rpfspy; rjhtjhdk; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isahy; njhFf;fg;gl;l mfuhjpAk;> rp. Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs; 1924Mk; Mz;L ntspapl;l nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fnkdDk; mfuhjpAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjpapd; gjpg;Giuapy; c.Nt. rhkpehijau; aho;g;ghz mfuhjpfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplhJtpl;lNghjpYk; njhFg;ghsu; rhu;gpy; fp.kh. Nfhghyf;fpU];zf;Nfhd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
“gy nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;Jk; jpUj;jpAk; aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rjhtjhdk; fjpiuNtw;gps;isatu;fshy; Xu; mfuhjp ntspaplg;ngw;Wk;> gpd;du; aho;g;ghzj;J citkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is vd;Dk; Gytuhy; njhFf;fg;ngw;W kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jhuhy; fjpiuNtw;gps;is jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp vd;Dk; ngauhy; Xu; mfuhjp ntspaplg;ngw;wJ.|| 16
,t;thW fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; toq;fpa ed;nfhilfspy; etPd cyfpq;Fg; gad;ghLila mfuhjp Kaw;rpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
tlkuhl;rpapd; gyk; tha;e;j fy;tp kugpd; gy;NtW mWtil Ntz;bait. ,yf;fpa tsj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;l Mf;fq;fis ,g;gFjpapNy guf;ff;fhzyhk;. rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; fy;yhlf; fypj;Jiw Kjy; fe;j KUNfrdpd; ehtyd; Nfhit (,d;Dk; mr;Nrwtpy;iy) tiu ,g;gFjpapy; vOe;Js;sikia mtjhdpf;fyhk;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; Ngzpf; fhj;jtu;fis mDge;jj;jpy; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;.
Guhzgldk;
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; Guhz gpurq;fkuG ehtyUlNdNa Muk;gf;fpd;wnjdyhk;. tlkuhlrpapy; tho;e;j mwpQu; ngUkf;fspy; gyu; Guhzgldj;jpy; ty;yikAk; gapw;rpAKilatuhfNt fhzg;gl;ldu;. Guhzgldk; ,g;gFjpfspy; xU rkar; rlq;fhfNt epfo;e;Js;sJ. vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; [duQ;rfkhfTk; gad;gl;likf;Fg; Guhzgldk; xU rhl;rpahFk;. vOjg;gbf;fj; njupahjtu;fs;> Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fs; Myaq;fspw; nrd;W ‘gbg;G|f; Nfl;gJ (Guhzgldk;) tof;fk;. kpfTk; MrhurPyu;fshfNt Myaj;jpw; Guhzg; gbg;Gj; njhlq;fpaJk; Cupy; cs;stu;fspy; mNdfkhdtu;fs; khkprk; Grpf;fkhl;lhu;fs;. ‘xUNeur; NrhW| vd;W tpujkpUg;ghu;fs;. “kr;rj;ijj; jpz;lghLkpy;iy> Guhzj;ijf; Nfl;lghLkpy;iy.|| vd;W xU gonkhop$l ,g;gFjpapy; epyTfpwJ. Guhzk; thrpg;gtiu tplg; ‘gad;| nrhy;Ygtu; 9ciu) jpwikahsuhfTk;> kjpg;GilatuhfTk; fUjg;gLtu;. gad; $WgtUf;Fs;s ngUk;gad; mtu; ngWk; r%f me;j];Nj nadyhk;.
tpj;Jtj;jd;ikapy;yhkYk;> Mo;e;j mwpT ,y;yhkYk; XusT gbj;Jk;> Fuy;tsk; cilatu;fSk; “gad;gofpg;|| gad; nrhy;tJk; cz;L. ,tu;fs; Fwpg;ghff; Fwpg;gpl;l xU Guhzj;jpNyNa tpNrl gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fshftpUg;gu;. ,yfpa Mf;fj;jpwdpy;yhkYk;> eak;gl ciuf;f KbahtpbDk; ,tu;fspd; Fuy;tsKk;> r%fj;;NjitAk; ,tu;fisg; “gaDf;Fupatu;fshf;fpaJ vdyhk;.|| ,tu;fs; Myaq;fspy; Guhzk; gad;nrhy;yp “Ntjdk;|| ngWtu;. $yp $lf; nfhLf;Fkplq;fSf;Fr; nry;tNj ,tu;fsJ Nehf;fk;> ,tu;fSf;F Kd;$l;bNa “mr;rthuk;|| nfhLj;Jitg;gJk; cz;L. ,e;j tiff;F cjhuzkhf kpf mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu tho;e;j Jd;dhiyiar; Nru;e;j ,uhkypq;fk; vd;gtiuAk;> funtl;biar; Nru;e;j rz;Kfk; vd;gtiuAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Guhzgldk; ntWkNd ciuahf (gadhf) mikahJ. nghopg;Giu> tpUj;jpAiu - ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G> fpisf;fijfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> xg;gpay;Nehf;F vd;gtw;wpy; epfo;j;jg;gLtjidNa rpwg;ghfg; ngUk;ghd;ikNahu; tpUk;Gtu;. itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is> rptrk;Gg;Gytu;> jpy;iyehjehtyu;> fjpiuNtw;gps;is Kjypa gyu; ,t;thwhd uridiaj; J}z;Lk; tifapy; eak;glr; nra;ag;gLtNj rpwe;j Guhz gldkhff; fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Guhzj;jpw;Fg; gad; nrhy;YtjpYk; Nghl;bAk;> nrUf;Fk; fhzg;gl;likAk; cz;L. mit gw;wpa gy fijfSk; cz;L. Guhzk; gbf;fj; njhlq;FKd; Nfhapypd; gpujk FU tpehafG+ir nra;J gQ;rhyhj;jpfhl;b E}ypd; fhg;Gr; nra;AisAk; ghlj;jnjhlq;Fk; gFjpapd; Kjw; nra;AisAk; gbj;Nj Guhzg; gbg;igj; njhlq;Ftu;. ,jdhw;jhd Nfhapw; G+rfu;fSk; Guhz ,yf;fpa mwpT tha;f;fg;ngw;wtuhf ,Uf;fNtz;bapUe;jJ. c-k;:itj;jpaypq;fNjrpfu;> Fwpg;gpl;l glyNkh> ghly;fNsh gbj;J Kbe;jJk; G+rfu; G+iria epfo;j;jp Guhz ciufhuuplk; “fhshQ;rp|| nfhLg;gu;> mf;fhshQ;rpapy; cgafhuupd; trjpf;Nfw;wgb gok;> ghf;F> ntw;wpiyAld; gzKk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,Jtk; xUtifapy; NtjdNk.
Guhzg;gbg;G ngUk;ghd;ikAk; khrp> gq;Fdp> rpj;jpiu> itfhrp khjq;fspNyNa epfOk;. G+uizapNyh my;yJ cj;juk;> jpUNthzk; Nghd;w el;rj;jpuq;fs; epw;Fk; epiwehspNyhjhd; Guhzg;gbg;G epiwTngWk;. me;jehs; Myaj;jpy; ngupa myq;fhuj; jpUtpohf;fSk;> md;djhdKk; epfo;tJz;L. Myaj;ijr; R+oNt fy;tp> fiy> fz;ghL vd;gd Njq;fp epd;wikf;F ,J xU cjhuzkhFk;. aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bNy ey;Y}upy; Muk;gpj;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; GuhzgldkuG ,d;Wk; XusT tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNyNa epiyj;Jepw;fpwJ vdyhk;. Nfhapy;fspy; fe;jGuhzk;> ngupaGuhzk;> jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; KjypaitAk;> rpj;jpuGj;jpudhu;fij> gps;isahu; fij> gps;isahu; Guhzk;> Vfhjrpg; Guhzk;> Nfhtydhu;fij vd;gdTk; gbf;fg;gl;ld. mf;fhyk; mr;RthfdNkwpa E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,it mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjw;Fg; Guhzgld kuNg fhuzk; vdyhk;. ts;spak;ik jpUkzg;glyk;> nja;thidak;ik jpUkzg;glyk;> gpl;Lf;F kz;Rke;j rUf;fk; Nghd;wit gbf;fg;gLk; ehl;fs; tpNrl ehl;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld. gz;ghl;Lzu;T kq;fs epfo;r;rpfspy; cs;s ek;gpf;ifia ,it gpujpgypf;fpd;wd vdyhk;.
ehtyu; ngUkhd; fhyj;jpd;gpd; mtu;fs; mZf;fj; njhz;lu;fsha; ,Ue;Njhu;$lr; rpe;jhkzpapYk; fk;guhkhazj;jpYk; Ritfz;L fhl;bf;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ> fe;jGuhzj;ijAk;mjd; gz;ghl;bidAk; xOq;Fwg;Ngzp tsu;j;J ehtyu; mbr;Rtl;bNy ,ad;W te;jJ GyhypA+Nu.|| 12
vd;W njd;GNyhypA+u; K. fzgjpg;gps;isatu;fs; $WtJ kdj;jpUj;jj;jf;fJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Guhz gld kuG ,g;gFjpapd; rka r%f nghUshjhu mk;rq;fSld; ,Wf;fkhd njhlu;Gilajhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,g;Ngh ,k;kuGk; mUfptUtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mk;kuGtopte;j mwpQu;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; mDge;jj;jpw; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mbf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;
1. ghtyu; rupj;j;u jPgfk; - Mhdy;l; rjhrptk;gps;is> gf;fk; 122. khdpg;gha;> 1888.
2. khzpf;fkhiy> - Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is cupikAiu – Kjw;gjpg;G – 1950
3. Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp> gz;ilj;jkpou; tho;Tk; topghLk;. 1967.
4. cjajhuif> 21-10-1841
5. aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp> gf;fk; 276 - 277
6. GNyhypA+u;g; ngupahu; R. rptghjRe;juk; epidT kyu;> 1978 – gz;bjkzp rp.fzgjpg;gps;is. gf;fk; 1.
7. cjajhuif> 17-06-1841.
8. jpU.fh. R+ud; mtu;fspd; epidT kyu;> 1960 – vdJ tiyhW gf;fk; - 5
9. irtg; ngupahu; gw;wpa rpy rpe;jidfs; - r. mk;gpifghfd; irtg;ngupahu; rptghjRe;judhu; E}w;whz;L kyu;.
10. <oNfrup. 12-07-1953 epidTf;fl;Liu
11. ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau; ty;it r. itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is – fhu;j;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp. gf;fk; 13.
12. fz;zpw; fhf;Fk; fhtyd; - gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp> gf;fk;.
13. <oj;J ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfs; - gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp> ehd;fhtJ jkpohuha;r;rp khehl;L gyu;> ,yq;if> gf;fk; 100
14. fhjypahw;Wg;gil – Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is.
15. <oehl;by; vOe;j jkpo; mfuhjpfs; - v];. n[gNerd;> midj;Jyf ehd;fhtJ jkpohuha;r;rp kfhehL (epidTkyu;) gf;fk; 105
16. kJIuj; jkpo;r; rq;fg; Ngufuhjp KfTiu – fp.kh. Nfhghy fpU~;zf;Nfhd;> gf;fk; 2.
17. fjpnuhsp[ - GnyhypA+u;g; Gytu;fs;> njd;GNyhypA+u; K.fzgjpg;gps;is.
,ay; ehd;F
tlkuhl;rpAK; gpwgFjpfSk;
4 . 1 tlkuhl;rpAk; Flhehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSk;
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpf;Fk; <oj;jpd; Vida gFjpfSf;F kpilNa fy;tp> ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;Gfisf; ftdpf;Fk;nghOJ> tlkuhl;rp Flhehl;bYk;> Flhehl;bw;F ntspNaAk;> fly;fle;J jkpo; ehl;bYk;> jdJ gzpiaAk;> gq;fpidAk; tpahg;jpailar; nra;jik Gydhfpd;wJ. tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j mwpQu;fs; <oj;jpd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F Cw;Wf;fhyhfTk; nraw;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tlkuhl;rpf;F ntspNaAs;s mwpQu;fs; Nghw;wpAk; ghbAKs;sdu;. ,tw;iwtpl ,tu;fs; ghba rkar;rhu;gw;w Nfhit KjypadTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
,e;jtifapy; Kjd;Kjyhf MjhuG+u;tkhff; fpilg;gJ fy;Y}up rpd;dj;jk;gpg;Gytupaw;wpa 1716 – 1780 (fp.gp) fuit Ntyd; NfhitNaahFk;. ,f;Nfhit funtl;bapy; tho;e;j cs;Su;g; gpuGthfpa NtyhAj cilau;kPJ ghlg;gl;lJ. \\rkar; rhu;gw;w <oj;jpy; vOe;j cs;Su;g; gpuGkPJ ghlg;gl;l Kjw;gpuge;jkhf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. 1 ,g;gpuge;jk; Koikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,jpy; 401 ghly;fs; ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gl;lNghJk; ,d;W 322 ghly;fNs fpilj;Js;sd. kpFjpg;ghly;fs; mope;jjh? mopf;fg;gl;ljh? vd;w Iak; Vw;glf;$bajhf ,g;gFjpapy; nrtptopf; fijfs; epyTfpd;wd.
,uz;L cs;Su;g; gpuGf;fspilNa cz;lhd Nghl;b fhuzkhf> xU gpuG “Gytu;ghLk; GfOf;fhf|| ey;Y}upypUe;J Gytiu miog;gpj;jpUejhu;. Gytu;tUk; topapy; kwiwa gpuG mofpa ge;jypl;L> tuNtw;Wg; gupR toq;fpj; jdkPJ xU Nfhit ghLkhW Ntz;bepd;whuhk; gupRngw;w Gytu; mg;gpuGkPJ ,f;Nfhitg; gpuge;jj;ijg; ghbajhfTk; ‘fij| toq;FfpwJ. ,d;Wk; fg;GJ}ntsp vd;Dkplj;jpy; ‘vy;iykhdg;ge;jyb| vd;w ngaUld; xU ,lk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,t;tplj;jpNyapUe;Jjhd; rpd;dj; jk;gpg; Gytu; fuitNtyd; Nfhitiag; gbhbdhuhk;. mope;j ghly;fs; kw;iwa gpuGtu;f;fj;jpdiu ,fo;e;J ghba ghly;fs; vd;Wk; xUfij ,g;gFjpapy; epyTfpwJ. ,g;gpuge;jj;jpy; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfistpl ,yf;fpar; Rit Kf;fpak; ngw;Ws;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
tlkuhlrpg; gFjpf;Fk; aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bw;FkpilNaapUe;j fy;tp ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;Gfs; Kf;fpakhdit. tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j khztu;fs; gyu; Flhehl;by; jiyrpwe;j Mrpupau;fshf tpsq;fpa Nrdhjpuh[Kjypahu;> ney;iyehjKjypahu;> MWKfehtyu;> mtu; kUfu; nghd;dk;gygps;is Nghd;Nwhiu ehb “cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;|| fw;Ws;sikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. tpj;J}d; fNzirau; tpj;JtrpNuhkzp nghd;dk;gy gps;isaplk; jhk; gbf;fr; nrd;wNghJ “funtl;biar; Nru;e;j fhu;j;jpNfR vd;gtu; gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;|| vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. (8Mk; tFg;Gj; jkpo;kyu; – 1967).
ehtyUk; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; kpFe;j <LghLnfhz;bUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gUj;jpj;Jiwapy; “irtg;|| ghlrhiy epWtpaNjhlikahJ> GNyhyp gRgjP];tuu; kPJ CQ;rYk; ghbAs;shu;. ehtyu; gUj;jpj;Jiwf;F te;J mbf;fb jq;fpr; nry;thuhk;. fe;ju; MWKftd; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J “ehtyu; gl;lj;Jld;|| jpUk;gpaNghJ Kjd;Kjypy; tuNtw;Gtpoh gUj;jpj;Jiwf; nfhl;lbg;gps;isahu; Nfhapy; Kd;wypNyNa eilngw;wjhk;. ,uz;lhtJ tuNtw;G tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gg;ngw;w ty;ypGuf; NfhapypNyNa ele;jjhk;. (jfty;: fyhepjp f. rptg;gpufhrk;).
,t;thW tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; Flhehl;bd; kw;iwa gFjpfSf;Fk;> fy;tp> ,yf;fpak; rhu;e;j njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gl;bUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
4 . 2. tlkuhl;rpAk; kl;lf;fsg;Gk;
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpf;Fk;> <oj;jpd; Vida gFjpfSf;Fkpilapyhd fy;tp ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;Gfis Nehf;Fk;NghJ> tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j fy;tpahsu;fs; jq;fs; fy;tp ,yf;fpag; gzpiaj; jpwk;glr; nra;J “Gfo;G+j;j|| gyiu cUthf;fpapUg;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
tpGyhde;jupd; Muk;gfhyj; jkpohrpupauhd itj;jpaypq;f Njrpfu; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; kl;lf;fsg;gpw; Nfhapw;G+rfuhAk;> MrpupauhfTk;> r%fj; njhz;luhAk; ,Ue;jtu;. gy khztkzpfis kl;Lefupw; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu;.
“gs;spg; gbg;NghlikahJ tPl;bYk; jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Rthkpahupd; je;ijahu; Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jhu;. ,g;gb ,tUf;F ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gpj;jtu;> gUj;jpj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtUk; fhiujPTg; gps;isahu; NfhapYf;Fg; G+rfuha; ,Ue;jtUkhd itj;jpaypq;f Njrpfuhthu;.|| 2
vd;W itj;jpypq;f Njrpfiug;gw;wp mk;gpifghfd; Fwpg;gpLtJ kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. tpj;Jthd; GNyhypA+u; itj;jpypq;fNjrpfu; vDe; jiyg;gpy; gz;bju; tP. rp. fe;ijah jhnkOjpa kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; gd;dpuz;L gf;fq;fspy; Njrpfiug; gw;wp vOjpAs;shu;.
‘jdJ cly; nghUs; Mtp Mfpa %d;iwAk; kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofj;jpw;nfd;Nw mbAiw nra;J aho;g;ghz ehl;bdu; ,e;ehl;Lf;Fr; nra;JtUk; NritfSf;Nfhu; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;Fk; ,e;ey;ywpQUila tuyhW nghwpf;fg;glhtpbd; ,j;jkpofg; Gytu; guk;giu tuyhw;Wj; njhlUk; epiwTilanjhd;whfhnjd;gNj vdJ Jzpe;J KbghFk;.|| 3
tpGyhde;jiuj; njhlu;e;J kllf;fsg;gpd; “khkzp||ahfg; Gfo;ngw;w Gytu; kzpapd; Mrpupauhf tha;f;fg;ngw;w tUk; GNyhypA+iur; Nru;e;j tpj;Jthd; re;jpuNrfuk;gps;is vd;Dk; mwpQnud;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. “,d;dhuJ ,sikf;fhy Mrpupauhf tha;j;Njhu; kl;lf;fsg;ig epue;ju thrkhff; nfhz;l aho;g;ghzj;Jg; GNyhypA+u;r; re;jpuNrfuk;gps;is vd;ghu; Mtu;.
(kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk; - gf;fk; 260)
kl;lf;fsg;gpd; “NguwpQu;|| vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; tpj;Jthd; r. G+ghygps;is ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau; ty;it itj;jpypq;fk; gps;isapd; khztuhthu;.
“jUf;fk> epfz;L Kjyhd fUtp E}y;fisAk; ed;D}y;> njhy; fhg;gpak; Kjypa ,yf;fz E}y;fisAk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> Guhz ,jpfhrq;fisAk;> rpj;jhe;jrhj;jpuq;fisAk; KiwNa fw;Wj; Njwpdhu;. ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupauhd ty;itA+u;r; r. itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is mtu;fs; ,tUf;F ey;yhrpupauha; mike;jdu;.\\ 4
kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; fy;tp> ,yf;fpag; ghyk; mikj;jtu;fshd ty;it itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is> GNyhyp itj;jpypq;fNjrpfu;> GNyhyp re;jpuNrfuk;gps;is Nghd;NwhUld; fw;Nfhtsk; Ntjehafk; NghjfUk; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;batu;.
,tu; Vwf;Fiwa 1865Mk; Mz;lstpy; fw;Nfhtsnkd;Dk; fly;rhu;e;j fpuhkj;jpNy gpwe;jtu;. kl;lf;fsg;G Mrpupa gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyapy; Nghjdhrpupauhf ,Ue;J gpd; fpwp];jt Nghjfuhfp Ntjehafk; Nghjfu; vd;Dk; ngaUld; tho;e;jtu;. ,tu; jPgk; vd;Dk; gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;J kl;lf;fsg;Gr; r%fj;jpw;Fr; nra;jnjhz;L msg;gupaJ. ,tu; rpwe;j fl;LiufisAk;> jdpg;ghliyfisAk; ,aw;wpaNjhL “kNyupahf; Fk;kp||> “cotu; rpwg;G|| vd;Dk; E}y;fisAk; vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shu;. “jPgk;|| Mrpupauhd ,tUf;Fk; “Rnjrehl;bak;|| Mrpupau; NtYg;gps;isf;Fk; (tpj;Jthd; rutzKj;JTk; Nru;e;J) “kjg;Nghu;|| xd;W ele;jnjd;Wk; mJ ciueilapw; njhlq;fpg; gpd; ftpijg; Nghuhf khwpanjd;Wk; $Wtu;. Ntjehafk; Nghjfu; gw;wpg; gz;bju; tP. rp. fe;ijah $WtJ kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
aho;g;ghzj;ijr; Nru;e;jtuhapDk; jd;id xU “kl;lf;fsg;ghd;|| vdf; fUjpf;nfhz;L ,e;j ehl;bd; epytsk;> fiytsk;> kf;fspd; kdtsk; vd;gtw;wpw; ngupJk <LghL nfhz;L tho;e;J kiwe;j jkpo;g; GytUk; jkpo; ciueil MrpupaUkhfpa Ntjehafk; Nghjfu;> ey;y vOj;jhsu; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,e;j ehl;by; tho;e;jtuhtu;.||5
,t;thW tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa gyu; tlkuhl;rpf;F ntspNa <oj;jpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; J}a;ikahd njhz;bid Mw;wpr; rpwe;j fy;tpkuG xd;wpizAk; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sdnjdyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpypUe;J Kfpo;j;j gyu; tlkuhl;rpiar; R+oTs;s gFjpfspy; rpwg;ghd fy;tpjugpidAk; ,yf;fpatsj;jpidAk; NgzpAs;sdu; rpwe;j ciuahsnud kjpf;fg;lg;l kl;Ltpy; k. f. Ntw;gps;is> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;JizNte;ju; Nguhrpupau; f. tpj;jpahde;jd; KjypNahu; tlkuhl;rpiaj; jha;topahff; nfhz;ltu;fnsd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. GNyhypiar; Nru;e;j NrhjplUk; jkpowpQUkhd fzgjpg;gps;isapd; kfd; gz;bju; rr;rpjhde;jd; ,g;Ngh khtpl;lGuj;jpy; tho;fpd;whu;. ,tupd;
“Njtu;f; fuRepiy Ntz;bajpy;iy – mtu;
jpd;Dk; RitaKJ Ntz;bajpy;iy
rhtpw; wkpo;gbj;Jr; rhfNtz;Lk; - vd;wd;
rhkgy; jkpo;kze;J NtfNtz;Lk;.||
vd;w ghliyg; ghujpjhrdpd; ghly; vd;W kaq;FthUk; csu;. ftpQu; KUf Nt. gukehjDk; tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tUk; gy E}y;fNs vOjpAs;shu;. ,tu;fisg; Nghd;w gyu; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpkugpw; Njhd;wpj; jhk; GFe;j ,lj;jpw;Fk; tho;e;j ,lj;jpw;Fk; GfOk; ngUikAk; Njbf;nfhLj;Js;sdu; vdyhk;.
4 . 3 tlkuhl;rpAk; jkpo;ehLk;
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapd; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaKk;> ,yf;fpa cUthf;fKk; fly;fle;J jkpo;egl;bYk; tpahgpj;Js;sJ. tlkuhl;rpapypUe;J fy;tpNa Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;L jkpo;ehL nrd;w gyu; mq;F khztuhAk;> MrpupauhAk; tho;e;J gpd; tlkuhl;rpf;Fj; jpUk;gpAs;sdu;. jkpehl;bd; jiyrpwe;j jkpowpQu;fNshL fy;tp> ,yf;fpaj njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;l gyu; ,q;F tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. ey;y tYthd xU khzt guk;giuia cUthf;fpajd; %yk; (tlkuhl;rp) <oj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpahfj; jkpo;ehl;ltuhw; fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jhAkhztupd; je;ijahu; Nfbypag;gps;is tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. \\Nfbypag;gps;isapdhNyNa tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; (fuiztha;) Ntjhuzpaj;jpw;Fk; njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ vd;gu;. ,d;Wk; Ntjhuzpaj;jpw;Fk; fuztha;r; irtf; FukhUf;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlu;Gz;L.
Nfhtpe;j ]hkpGfo; rpwpJ nrhd;Ndd;
Ftyaj;jpd; tpopNghd;w aho;g;gh zj;jhd;
Njtpgjk; kwthj jPu Qhdp
rpjk;guj;J eluh[ %u;j;jp ahthd;
ghtpaiuf; fiuNaw;Wk; Qhdj; Njhzp
gukgj thapnyDk; ghu;it ahsd;
fhtptsu; jlq;fspNy kpd;fs; ghAq;
fodpfs;R+o; GjitapNy mtidf; fz;N;ld;. 7
vd;W kfhftp ghujpahuhw; ghlg;gl;l aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rhkp tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtnud;W epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tupd; rkhjpia tpahghu%iy vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; fhzyhk;. ,tu; rkhjpnfhz;Ls;s .,lj;jpNy ,yq;if Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsu; rq;fk; epidTr;rpd;dk; xd;iw epWtpAs;sJ. tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; jkpo;ehl;bw;FKs;s fy;tp> ,yf;fpa cwTfis Nehf;Fk;NghOJ> mf;fhyf; fy;tpahsu;fs;> Qhdpfs;> Jwtpfs;> kuf;fyNkwpj; jkpo; ehl;bw;Fr; nry;YjYk;. mq;F rpyfhyk; tho;e;J jk; jha;ehl;bw;Fj; jpUk;GjYk; ru;trhjhuzkhd epfo;r;rpfs;. ,e;jpah nrd;W jpUk;gpa mwpQu;fis> Jwtpfis <oj;jpYk; ed;F kjpj;jhu;fs; vd;gJk; cz;ikNa. ,e;j tifapw;jhd; ghujpahupd; aho;g;ghzj;Jr; RtghkpAk; mlq;Ffpwhu;. aho;g;ghzr;rhkp gw;wpa Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhd mtupd; epidTr;rpd;dk; mikf;fg;gl;lik gw;wpg; Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp $WtJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
rhkpahuJ md;gUk; mtuJ tho;it Iae;jpupgw mwpe;jtUkhfpa Nkiyg;GNyhypr; rghgjpg;gps;isatu;fs; jf;f Mjhuq;fhl;bg; gUj;jpj;Jiw tpahghup%iyiar; Nru;e;j mUsk;gy RthkpahNu ghujpahu; Fwpg;gpLk; aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rhkpahnud epWtpdu;.\\
MjhuG+u;tkhf aho;g;ghzr;rhkp ,dq;fhzg;gl;lgpd; mtupd; rjhjpf;fUf tpohntLj;J epidTr;rpd;dKk; ehl;lg;gl;lJ. tlkuhl;rp ghujp ghba GfOfFupajhfpd;wJ.
aho;g;ghzr; rhkpiag; gw;wpj; njd;GNyhypA+u; fzgjpg;gps;is $WtJk; kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. Nkiyg;GNyhypapNy tho;e;Jnfhz;bUe;j jpU. rpd;idah NtYg;gps;isatu;fSila mUikg; Gjy;tuhfpa mUsk;gyktu;fs;jhd; Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; Nghw;wpg; guTfpd;w aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rhkpahthu;. 1878Mk; Mz;lstpNy Njhd;wpa ,tu; rjhtjhdk; fjpiuNtw;gps;is Nkiyg;GNyhyp irt tpj;jpahrhiyapNy MrpupahuhapUe;j fhyj;jpy; mq;Nf fy;tpgapd;Wnfhz;bUe;jhu; vd;W mwpaf;fplf;fpd;wJ. ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia Kbj;Jf;nfhz;L rpwpJfhyk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; fk;gisapYk; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LglLf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 1910Mk; Mz;lstpy; Vnjh ituhf;fpaj;Jld; ahu;f;FQ; nrhy;yhky; ,e;jpah nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. gUj;jpj;JiwapypUe;J Njhzpkhu;f;fkhf ehfgl;bdj;ij mile;jhu;fs;. ehifapNy ePyNyhrpdp mk;kd; Nfhapy; thapyUNf epl;ilapypUe;jikia “ePyNyhrpdp mk;kd; Njhj;jpuk;|| vLj;Jf;$Wk; Njhuzpak;> mfj;jpak;gs;sp khatuk;> fhiuf;Fb> Gjit Mfpa ,lq;fSf;F mbf;fb nrd;Wnfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpNyNa Gjitapy; Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; ,tiuf; fz;L gw;Wjy; nfhz;lhu;. 9
Nkiyg;GNyhypapNy gpwe;j jpU. tp. ftpd; Mrpupauhd rjhtjhdp eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;sAk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; jkpo;ehl;bw;FKs;s fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;gpw;F Cw;Wf;fhyhdtu;fspy; xUtu; vdyhk;. jkpo;ehl;by; NgUlDk; GfOlDk; tho;e;j <oj;jwpQu;fspy; rpwg;ghdtu;fSs; ,tUk; xUtu;. Nkiyg; GNyhyp eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isatu;fshy; 1903Mk; Mz;L ,uhag; Ngl;ilapy; = ghyRg;gpukzpa gf;j[drig epWtg;gl;lJ. ,r;rigf;F jkpehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspypUe;Jk; mwpQu;fs;> Qhdpfs;> gPlhjpgjpfs; vd;Nghu; tUfje;jjhfTk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
xU rkak; Njrpa kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; rigf;F vOe;jUspdhu;. rgh%u;j;jpahfpa KUfg;ngUkhidf; fz;L fsp$u;e;jhu;. clNd vOe;jJ fPo;tUk; mw;Gjf; fPu;j;jdk;.
KUfh> KUfh> KUfh
tUtha; kapy; kPjpdpNy
tbNt YlNd tUtha;
jUtha; eyKk; jfTk GfOk;
jtKk; jpwKk; jdKk; fdKk; - KUfh – KUfh – KUfh – 10
,j;jftypd;gb kfhftp ghujpahUf;Fk;> eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isf;Fk; VNjh xUtifj; njhlu;gpUe;jnjd;W Cfpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
Kjy; Kjypy; vdf;Ff; fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;jtu; aho;g;ghzk; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isatu;fs; 11 vd;W jkpo;j;njd;wyhw; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltu;. Mo;e;j GyikahYk; gad;fUjhj NritahYk; <oj;jpd; Gfioj; jkpo;ehl;by; epWtpa gy mwpQu;fis tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy fhzyhk;.
rpwe;j Gyikahsuhd cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytu; ghw;fuNrJgjpkPJ fy;yhlf;fypj;Jiw ghb muq;Nfw;wpg; gupR ngw;wtu;. ,tUf;Fg; ghw;fuNrJgjp Mz;LNjhWk; 300 \&gh mDg;gpajhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
ty;it r. itj;jpaypq;fk;gpsisAk; jkpo;ehl;lhuhy; ed;F kjpf;fg;gl;ltu;. nrd;id efuj;Jg; NguwpQu;fNs ,tUf;F ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau;| vDk; gl;lk; toq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jdu; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
GNyhypA+iug; gpwg;gplkhff;nfhz;l t. fzgjpg;gps;is> fhQ;rpGuj;jpYs;s gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapNy jkpo;g; gz;bjuhfTk;> jpUtde;jGuj;jpYs;s kfhuhrf; fy;Y}upapNy gpujk MrupauhfTk; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. rpwe;j jkpo;g; GyikAk;> rk];fpUjg; GyikAk; nfhz;l ,tUf;Fj; jkpo;ehnlq;Fk; gy khztu;fs; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd mwpa KbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; mwpQu;fs; gyu; jkpo;ehL nrd;W Gfo;epWtpaJ jw;nray; epfo;r;rpay;y. <oj;jpy; jhk;ngw;w ghuk;gupaf; fy;tpf;F nkUFNjLtjw;fhfTk; mwpit tsg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTNk jkpo;ehL nrd;Ws;sdu;. <oj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;w jkpowpQu;fs; gyu; <oj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp ,e;jpahtpYk; fy;tp fw;Ws;sdu;. ,e;jpah nrd;W jpUk;gpa <oj;jwpQu;fSf;F <oj;jpNy mjpf nfsutk; toq;fg;gl;lik ajhu;j;jNk. cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg;Gytu; ,e;jpah nry;tjw;F Kd; mtupd; Fyk;> Nfhj;jpuk; gw;wpg; Ngrp xJf;fpa mf;fhyg; ngupatu;fNs> mtu; jkpo;ehl;by; Vwj;jho gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; ,Ue;J jpUk;gptUk;nghOJ mtiu tuNtw;W cgrupj;Jg; ghuhl;L tpohf;fs; elj;jpajhfTk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,e;jpah nrd;W jpUk;gpa mwpQu;fSf;F mf;fhyj;jpy; r%f me;j];J> mq;fPfhuk; vd;gd jhuhskhff; fpilj;Js;sd.
jkpo;ehl;by; tho;e;j> njhlu;Gnfhz;bUe;j <oj;J mwpQu;fSf;Fk;> jkpo;ehl;lhUf;Fk; Nghl;b> gpzf;F> nghwhik vd;gd ,Ue;jikf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; cz;L. ehtyu; njhlf;fk; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;istiu ,g;gpur;rpidf;Fs;shdtu;fNs. ts;syhu; fl;rpapdUf;Fk; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isf;Fk; tof;F ele;jikAk;> ghw;fuNrJgjpia cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg;GytUf;Fg; gupR toq;f tplhJ jLf;f Kad;wikAk;> Ma;thsu;fs; mwpe;jNj. jkpehl;ltu; <oj;jwpQu;fis aho;g;ghzj;jtu; vd;w nghJikg;ghl;bw;Fs;NsNa fzpj;Js;sdu;. <oj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fSk; gpuNjr vy;iyf;Fs; Klq;fhJ jk;ik> aho;g;ghzj;jtu;> <oj;jtu; vd;Nt fUjpte;u;s;sdu;. jkpo;ehl;by; tho;e;jNghJ xUtUf;nfhUtu; cjtpahfTk; mDruizahfTk; tho;e;Js;sikiaAk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
<oj;jpw;Fk;> Fwpg;ghf tlkuhl;rpf;Fk;> jkpo;ehl;bw;FKs;s njhlu;G tzpfk;> murpay; vd;gtw;iwtplf; fy;tp> ,yf;fpak; vd;gtw;iwNa ngUksT nfhz;bUe;jikAk; Fwpg;gplf;$baJ.
,t;thW tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpf;Fk;> <oj;jpd; kw;iwa gFjpfSf;Fk; jkpo;ehl;bw;Fk; ,Ue;j fy;tp> ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;GfSk; tlkuhl;rpapd; rpwg;gpidg; NgZtdthfTk; ghJfhg;ghdthfTk; mikj;jd. ,r;rpwg;Gf;fSf;nfy;yhk; mbCw;whf mike;jpUe;jJ fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKNknadpy; kpifad;W.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. fyhepjp f. rptj;jk;gp - <oj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
2. Rthkp tpGyhde;jupd; tho;f;ifAk; gzpAk;> r.mg;gpifghfd;> mbfshu; gbtkyu;
gf;fk; 18.
3. kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk;> gz;bju; tP.rp. fe;ijah> gf;fk; 242.
4. - Nkw;gb E}y; - gf;fk; 208
5. - Nkw;gb E}y; - gf;fk; 323>324
6. f. rp. Fyuj;jpdk; - ehtyu; E}w;whz;L tpoh kyu;> 1980 (f. eNlrgps;is $w;W vd;W $Wtu;)
7. ghujp ghly;> Rarupij> gf;fk; 275> rf;jp ntspaPL 3Mk; gjpg;G> 1957.
8. <oj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> lhf;lu; fh. rptjjk;gp> gf;fk; 58.
9. njd;GNyhypA+u; K. fzgjpg;gps;is - GNyhypA+u;g; Gytu; fjpnuhsp – 1976
10. =ghyRg;gpukzpa gf;j[drig taputpohkyu;> gf; 24 – 1968 nrd;id 14
11. tho;f;iff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;> jpU. tp. f..> gf;fk; 96> 97.
mDge;jk;
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; gyiuAk; ntWkNd gl;bay; Nghl;Lf; fhl;lhJ mtu;fspd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk;> gilg;Gf;fisAk; Ruf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLfpNwd;. ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> Guhzg;gldk;> gpurq;fk;Nghd;w JiwfspyPLgl;ltu;fSf;Nf Kjd;ik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mz;ikf;fhy ,yf;fpa> Muha;r;rp> mwpQu;fs; ahtiuAk Fwpg;gplhJ tif khjpupf;F xUtuhfNt vdf;Ff; fpilj;j jfty;fspd;gb Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpNwd;.
mUze;jp – f.r.
,tu; ,yq;ifapd; gy gFjpfspYk; tpj;jpahjuprpahf ,Ue;jtu;. gUj;jpj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j rilau; vd;Dk; Mrpupaupd; kfd;. 1934Mk; Mz;L gps;isg;ghl;L vd;Dk; rpWtu; ghlw;njhFjpnahd;W gjpg;gpj;jhu;. ,J gpd; 1943Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhtJ gjpg;ghf ntspte;jJ> <oj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j Foe;ijf; ftpQu;fshd NrhkRe;jug;Gytu;> gPjhk;gud;> ey;yjk;gp KjypNahiu vOj;JyFf;F mwpKfQ; nra;jtu;. Mq;fpy tpQ;Qhdg; gl;ljhupahd ,tu; kl;lf;fsg;igr; Nru;e;j Vuk;gKjypahu; nkhop ngau;j;j Mq;fpy ehtYf;F mofhd xU KfTiunaOjpAs;shu;. gy;NtW E}y;fSf;F KfTiuAk; mzpe;JiuA nkOjpAs;s ,tupd; KfTiufspy; fdfpGuhz KfTiuAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tu; <oj;Jf; fy;tpAyfpw;Fr; rpwe;j njhz;lhw;wpAs;shu;.
mUzhry cgj;jpahau;
,tu; ty;ntl;bj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtu;. rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; khztu;. ty;it itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;isapd; rfghb. nebafhl;L CQ;ry;> gjpfKk; gy jdpg;ghly;fSk ghbAs;shu;. rpwe;j Guhz gpurq;fpahuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu; vd;W Nfs;tp.
M. MWKfk; tpj;Jthd;
my;tha; vd;Dkplj;jpNy mz;ikf;fhyk;tiu (1925) tho;e;jtu;. ,tu; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isapd; khzhf;fDk; cwtpdUkhtu;. ,yf;fzj;jpy; kpFe;j Mw;wYs;stu;. Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wp ,aikapNyNa ,we;jtu;. ,yq;if Nte;jd; vd;Dk; Gidngaupy; nre;jkpo;> nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp Nghd;w gj;jpupiffspy; gy fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;shu;. 1924> 1925 nre;jkpo;r; nry;tpapy; ,yf;fz tpsf;f ciuahsu; ahu; vd;W xU tpthjk; eilngw;wJ. mjpy; gz;bj e. K. Ntq;flrhkpehl;lhu;> tp. rpjk;guuhkypq;fk;gps;is> rh. nguparhkpg;gps;is> nrd;id gh. fz;zg;gKjypahu; Nghd;NwhUld; tpthjj;jpw; fye;Jnfhz;ltu;. ,yq;if M. MWKfk;gps;isatu;fs; ,yf;fztpsf;fTiur; rkhjhdk; (nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp gf;fk; 329 – 336> 1924 – 25) vd;Dk; fl;Liuia vOjp mt;tpthjj;jpw;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jtu;. gpw Mf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpguk; fpilj;jpyJ.
Mo;thg;gps;is N[. v];
Jd;dhiyiar; Nru;e;j gz;bju; N[. v];. Mo;thg;gps;is gy;JiwawpT kpf;ftu;. ,tu; ftpj> ehlfk;> gj;jpupif> ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW topfspy; jdJ iftz;zj;ijf; fhl;bAs;shu;. rj;jpaNtj mk;khid> fpwp];jt gQ;rhkpu;jk; (Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L> jpUg;Gfo; vd;w Ie;Jtifg; ghly;fs; mlq;fpait)> erNua ,ul;il> kzpkhiy> erNua Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> erNua me;jhjp> jkpod; Fuy;> ,];yhkpa ePjp newp> ,];yhkpa fjhkhiy Nghd;w rka ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> fypfhyf; Nfhyk;> G+Nyhf Ntbf;if> cyfk; gytpjk;> fypfhy Ntbf;if> khaf;Fk;kp Kjypa [duQ;rfkhd rpWftpij E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhu;. ,t; [duQ;rfg; gilg;Gf;fspy; rhjp> rka> r%f Coy;fos ieahz;b nra;Js;shu;. ,tiu ,t;T+u; kf;fs; fl;il Mo;thu; vd;Nw mog;gu;. tif khjpupf;F mtupd; gpd;tUk; ghliyr; Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;.
mQ;R taJila mfpohd; msthk;gpisfs;
gpQ;rpw; gOf;fpwhiuah - ,tu;
te;J kjtbapw; Fe;jp ,Ue;Jnfhz;L
fypahzKk; NtZkhk;.
eifr;RitAk;> fpz;lYk; epiwe;j ghly;fisg; ghba ,tu; njhz;ld; vd;Dk; rpwe;j gj;jpupifnahd;iwAk; elj;jpAs;shu;. fiy> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> murpay; vd;w gy;NtW rpwg;gk;rq;fisf;nfhz;ljhf ,g;gj;jpupif mike;jpUe;jJ. mur fUk nkhopahfr; rpq;fsk; tUtjw;F Kd;Ng> jkpo;%yk; rpq;fsk; vd;Dk; E}iy ,tu; vOjpaik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tupd; kfd; tz.vk;.V. ,uj;jpduh[h fiy ,yf;fpag; gzpfspy; <LghLilatuhff; fhzg;gLfpwhu;.
Mo;thg;gp;s;is rp.
fuizthiar; Nru;e;j Mrpupauhd ,tu;fuitNtyd;Nfhitf;F ciunaOjpg; gjpg;gpj;jtu;. ,g;gjpg;G ,uz;lhk; gjpg;ghf ntspte;jJ (1956,y;)> mtu; rpy jdpg;ghly;fSk; vOjpajhfj; njupatUfpwJ.
,uhkypq;fk; Nt.
cLg;gpl;biar; Nru;e;j Nt. ,uhkypq;fk; vd;gtu; rpwe;j ftpQuhf tpsq;fpAs;shu;. jk;fhyj;Jf; Nfhl;il tpahf;fpaq;fis ieahz;bnra;J Nfhl;Lg; Guhzk; vd;Dk; E}ypid ,aw;wpAs;shu;. me;E}y; ,d;W fpilj;jpyJ. cWjpahd rpy ghly;fNs tha;nkhopahf toq;fp tUfpd;wd.
,uhrrpq;fk; v];. Nf
funtl;biar; Nru;e;j ,tu; tpj;jpahjuprpahfTk;> Mrpupa fyhrhiy tpupTiuahsuhfTk; flikahw;wpAs;shu;. <oj;jpy; Kjd; Kjy; fy;tp cstpay; vd;w E}iyj; jkpopy; vOjpatu; ,tNu vd;gu;. ,tupd; Mf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fis mwpa Kbatpy;iy.
,uhkehjgps;is
,tu; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. gl;ljhup Mrpupau;> msit ,ay; vd;w jUf;fE}iyj; jkpopy; vOjpAs;shu;.
Vfhk;guk; f.
ty;ntl;bapNy Njhd;wpatu;. ,Ughiyr; Nrdhjpuh[ KjypahuplKk; jpUj;jzpiar; rutzg;ngUkhs; IauplKk; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; fw;wtu; vd;W Nfs;tp. fe;jue;jhjpf;F ,tu; rpwe;j ciunahd;W vOjpAs;shu;.
Vfhk;guk; eh. (1844 – 1877)
,tu; ty;ntl;bapNy gpwe;jtu;. aho;g;ghzf;fyY}upapw; fw;wtu;. ,e;jpah nrd;W gy;fiyf;fofg; GFKfj; Nju;tpNy rpj;jpnaa;jpdhu;. kuGtop ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rpwe;j Mw;wYs;stu; vd;W Nfs;tp. ,yq;ifapy; Kjd;Kjy; ml;lhtjhdk; nra;jtUk; ,tNu vd;gu;.
fzgjpg;gps;is t. (1845 – 1894)
,tu; GNyhypA+iur; Nru;e;jtu;. cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; khztu;. ,e;jpah nrd;W gyfhyk; tho;e;jtu;. tlnkhopapw; rpwe;j ghz;bj;jpak; cilatu;. gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapYk;> jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; cs;s kfhuhrhf; fy;Y}upapYk; Mrpupauhff; flikahw;wpatu;. gj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis ,tu; Mf;fpAs;shu;. ,yf;fzj;jpy; ngUk; Gyik tha;e;jtu;.
fNzr gz;bju; Qh.
,tu; ty;ntl;bj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtu;. jpUf;Fws; mjpfhurukhfpa jpUj;jhyhl;L vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. ,e;E}y; 1921Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy; ntspahfpAs;sJ.
fzgjpg;gps;is – Nguhrpupau; – Jk;gis
Jk;gisiar; Nru;e;j ,tu; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrpupauhff; flikahw;wpatu;. Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpf; Fuf;fspd; khztu;. ,tu; jkpo; nkhopf;F Mw;wpagzp jdpNa tpupthf Muhag;glNtz;baJ. ,tu; fhjypahw;Wg;gil> khzpf;f khiy> ehdhlfk;> ,Uehlfq;fs;> rq;fpypad;> ,yq;iftho; jkpou; tuyhW> <oj; jkpou; tho;Tk; tsKk; Nghd;w gy E}y;fis Mf;fpAs;shu;. <oj;jpd; ,d;iwa jiyrpwe;j mwpQu;fshd Nguhrpupau; f. tpj;jpahde;jd;> Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp> Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau; NtYg;gps;is> Nguhrpupau; m. rz;Kfjh]; Nghd;wtu;fs; ,tuJ khztu;fshtu;.
fzgjpg;gps;is Nt.
,tu; my;thiar; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; Nrhjplj;jpy; kpFe;j Mw;wYilatu;. <okz;ly rjfk; vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpatu;. rpwe;j NghjfhrpupauhAk jpfo;;e;jhu; vd;W mwpaf;fplf;fpwJ.
fiuNtw;gps;is F. c.itkd; (1829 – 1804)
,tu; cLg;gpl;biar; Nru;e;jtu;. kuGtopf; fy;tpAk; Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpAk; xUq;fpizg; ngw;wtu;.ePjpgjpahff; flikahw;wpatu;. aho;g;ghz mfuhjpiaj; njhlf;fpitj;jtu;. ,yq;ifj; Njrgpkhdp vd;w xU gj;jpupifia elj;jpatu;. rpy E}y;fSk; jdpg;ghly;fSk; vOjpAs;shu;. rl;l ep\&gz rig cWg;gpdu; f. ghyrpq;fk ,tuJ kfdhtu;.
fjpiuNtw;gps;is eh. (1844 – 1907)
,tu; Nkiyg; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;> kuGtopf; fy;tpapy; Kfpo;j;j NguwpQu;. Rpwe;j Ngr;rhsuhfj; jpfo;e;jtu;. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,tUf;F khahthj Jk;rNfhsup vd;Dk gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu; gy E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ,tu; jpU. tp. fypahzRe;juKjypahupd; Mrpupau; vd;gu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fe;j KUNfrd;
,tu; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. kpf mz;ikf;fhyk;tiu jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lk; itj;J elj;jpatu;. gy khztu;fis cUthf;fpatu; ehtyd Nfhit vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shu;. (,d;Dk; mr;rhftpy;iy). rpwe;j Guhz ciuahrpupauhd ,tu; xU eh];jpfu;. fpNuf;fQhdp Nrhf;fpwjPrupd; tprhykhd new;wpAk;> tq;ff;fyp jh$upd; jPl;rzpakhd fz;fSk;> Mq;fpy ,yf;fpa Nkij ngu;dhl;N~htpd; nts;spa jhbAq;nfhz;l nghypT G+j;j Kfk;gilj;j cUtnkd;W rpwpa jpz;izapy; fhl;rp jUfpwJ............ gd;drhiy Nghd;W mike;j tPl;L Kd;gf;fKs;s jpz;izapy;fpof;F Nehf;fpa tz;zkjha; msf;fyhfh msTk; nghUSkhd fpuzq;fnswpg;g> QhdghDtha;f; fhl;rp jUgtu; jhd; fe;j KUNfrdhu;. ,t;thW fe;j KUNfrdhiug;g;w;wp t. rptuhrd; Fwpg;gpLtu;. (fe;jKUNfrd; Kj;jkpo;tpohkyu; – gf;. 27 – 1962)
gy jdpg;ghly;fisAk; ghbAs;shu;. $u;j;jtpNtfk; gilj;jtu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; gyghfq;fspYk; ,tUf;F khztu;fs; cs;sdu;.
fhu;j;jpNfR gz;bju; ngh.
,tu; funtl;biar; Nru;e;jtu;. jiyikahrpupauhff; flikahw;wpatu;. ntUfw; rpj;jpuNtyhAj RthkpNgupy; fPu;j;jiffs;> nry;tr;re;epjp gjpfk; Nghd;w E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. gy kdpg;ghly;fSk; rukftpfSk; ghbAs;shu;. rpwe;j fl;Liufs; gytw;iw mf;fhyg; gj;jpupiffspNy vOjpAs;shu;. rpwe;j Guhz gpurq;fpahd ,tu; Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gpapd; je;ijahuhtu;.
fhu;j;jpNfR:
,tu; funtl;b fpof;ifr; Nru;e;jtu;. rpwe;j Guhz gpurq;fp ,tu; gpuk;krpwP fNziraupd; rfghbahf m.r. nghd;dk;gygps;isaplk; ghlq; Nfl;ltu; ehd; tpj;JtrpNuhkzpapd; khztdhdik vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy; fNzirau; funtl;biar; Nru;e;j fhu;j;jpNfR vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Lsshu;. gy jdpg;ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tu; kpf ,sikapNyNa ,we;Jtpl;lhu;. funtl;bapy; gugy;ak; ngw;W tpsq;fpa f. rpw;wk;gy cghj;jpahau; ,tuu; kUfUk; khztUkhtu;.
FkhuRthkpg;Gytu; t.
,tu; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;> cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; khztd;. ,tiu \\,yf;fzf; nfhj;ju;|| vd;W miog;gu;. ,tu; ed;D}w; fhz;bifAiu tpsf;fk; vd;Dk; rpwe;j E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. rpwe;j ciuahrpupauhd ,tu; ftpghLk; Mw;wYk; iftug;ngw;wtu;.
FkhuRthkp Kjypahu; (1792 – 1874)
,tu; cLg;gpl;bapy; ty;ntl;b vd;Dk; CupNy Njhd;wptu;. ciykd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is ,tuJ kfd;. ,tu; mUsk;gyr; Nrit vd xU Nfitia cLg;gpl;bapy; tho;e;j mUsk;gy Kjypahu; kPJ ghbAs;shu;. jPUtpw; Rg;gpukzpau; gjpfk;> %sha;r; rpj;jptpdhafu; CQ;ry;> fe;jtdehju CQ;ry; ,e;jpuFkhu ehlfk; Kjypa E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. Nfhjhup kPJ fypj;Jiwnahd;Wk; ghbAs;shu;.
re;jpuNrfu Kjypahu;
,tu; ty;ntl;bapNy Njhd;wpatu;. ,tu; tpwyptpLJ}J xd;W ghbAs;shu;. tlNjeg; GytnuhUtu; ,tu;Nky; re;jpuNrfuf; FwtQ;rp vd;Dk; ghkhiy xd;iwr; R+bdhu; vd;gu;.
rptrk;Gg;Gytu; m. (1830 – 1910)
cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg;Gytnud;why; jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yyfk; ed;F mwpAk;. ,tu; rpwe;j Gytu;. ciuahsu; - ,yf;fz tpsf;f ciuahrpupau; – jkpo;ehl;by; 14 Mz;Lfs; tho;e;jtu; - ,Ughiyr; Nrdhjpuh[ Kjypahuplk; fy;tp fw;wtu;. <oj;jpy; mjpfkhd gpuge;jq;fisg; ghba Gytu; ,tNu. ,tu; ghw;fuNrJgjp kPJ fy;yhlf; fypj;JiwAk;> ehd;kzp> ,ul;ilkzp khiyAk; ghbAs;shu;. ,tupd; fy;tpkuNg ,d;W <oj;jpd; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo; kughf Kfpo;j;Js;sJ. Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpf; Fuf;fs;> ty;it itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is Nghd;wtu;fs; ,tuJ rpwe;j khztu;f;s. ,tuJ khztu;fs; <oehnlq;Fk; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. Vwj;jho ehw;gJ E}y;fs;tiu ,tu; vOjpAs;shu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; kpf Kf;fpa gq;F ,tUf;F cz;L.
rptghjRe;juk;. R. (1877 – 1953)
,tu; GNyhypA+iur; Nru;e;jtu;. GNyhypAu;r; irtg; ngupahu; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu;. ,tu; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fof gP. V. gl;ljhup> fy;Y}up mjpguhff; flikahw;wpatu;. ,tu; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; jkpopYk; gy E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ngUk;ghYk; ,tu; vOjpait rka> jUf;f E}y;fNs> 1977,y; ,tupd; E}w;whz;L tpoh rpwg;ghf eilngw;W epidT kyu; xd;Wk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mfE}y;> irtNghjk;> jpUtUl;gad; tpsf;fTiu> irtf;fpupia tpsf;fk;> fejGuhz tpsf;fk; Kjypa E}y;fs; ,tupd; Mo;e;jfd;w Gyikiaf; fhl;Ltd.
rpjk;gug;gps;is> Nt. (................. - 1955)
,tu; Gnyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. jpzizg; gs;spf;$lk; itj;J elhj;jpatu;. rpwej Guhz ciuahsu;. fe;jGuhz R+ugj;kd; tijg;glyj;jpw;Fr; rpwe;j ciu xd;W vOjpAs;shu;. ,tu; fz;ghu;itia Kw;whf ,oejtu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
rpd;dj;jk;gp cghj;jpahau;> j. (1830 – 1886)
,tu; cLg;gpl;biar; Nru;e;jtu;. rpwe;j Gyikahsu;. xU ghlrhiyia epWtpatu;. epy msitr; R+j;jpuk;> Nrhjplr; Ruf;fk; kjdty;yp tpyhrk; Kjypa gy E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;.
rpd;dj;jk;gp> gz;bju;> fh. (1907 – 1942)
,tu; funtl;biar; Nru;e;jtu;. kpf ,sk; tajpy; ,we;jtu; jpUr;re;epjpNtytu; gjpfk;> jr;re;Njhg;Gg; gps;isahu; jpUg;gjpfk;. jpUr;nre;J}u; jpUtpul;ilkzpkhiy> jr;re;Njhg;Gg; gps;isahu; gps;isj;jkpo;> ghyu;thrfk;> khd;tpLJ}J vd;Dk; E}y;fisg; ghbatu;. mUze;jp njhFj;j gps;isg;ghl;L vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,tuJ ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. kpfr; rpwe;j Foe;ijf; ftpQuhtu;.
Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs; (1875 – 1950)
,tu; GNyhypapy; Jk;gis vd;Dk; ,lj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. kpfr; rpwe;j mwpQu;> jkpopYk; rk];fpUjj;jpYk; ghz;bj;jpak; cilatu;. fyhepjp ae;jpurhiy vd mr;rfk; epWtp tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;F mUe; njhz;lhw;wpatu;. Gj;jfj;jUkhyak; vd xU E}y;epiyak; mikj;jpUe;jtu;. gUj;jpj; JiwapypUe;J te;j thf;fpa gQ;rhq;fj;ijf; fzpj;jtu; ,tNu. Guhzgldk;> nrhw;nghopT vd;gtw;wpYk; ,tu; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpYk; Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfSf;F Kf;fpa gq;Fz;L. fe;jGuhzj;jpd; gy fhz;lw;fSf;F ,tu; ciu vOjpAs;shu;. nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk; vd;Dk; rpW jkpofuhjpiaAk; ,tu; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
nry;iyah> K.
,tu; mt;thiar; Nru;e;jtu;. rpwe;j ftpQu;. tsu;gpiw ,tupd; ftpijj; njhFg;G. tz;LtpL J}J ghb thndhypg; gupR ngw;wtu;. gy jdpg;ghly;fSk;> fl;LiufSk; vOjpAs;shu;.
<oj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j ftpQu;fspy; xUtuhf kjpf;fg;gLgtu;. <oehl;Lj; jpUj;jyq;fs;kPJ gy gjpfq;fisg; ghbAs;shu;. fhe;jpanewpapy; tho;e;J mz;ikapy; ,e;jtu;: ,tuJ>
mk;kh ntspNa thmk;kh
mofha; NkNy ghuk;kh
Rk;kh ,Ue;j re;jpuidj;
Jz;lha; ntl;bd jhuk;kh
vd;Dk; Foe;ijg; ghly; jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yynfq;Fk; Nghw;wg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
nry;iyahgps;is> rp.
,tu; jpf;fj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. fe;jtdehj Mya MjPd fu;j;juhf tpsq;fpatu;. ,tu; rpwe;j Guhz gpurq;fpAkhtu;. rpwe;j Fuy; tsKs;stu; vd;W Nfs;tp. ,tu; JfsWNghjj;Jf;F mupa ciu vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
nrt;te;jprhjNjrpfu;> jp. (1907 – 1938)
,tu; fuzthiar; Nru;e;jtu;. kfhtpj;Jthd; fNziraupd; khztu;. rpwe;j ftpQu;> Guhzgldj;jpy; jpwiktha;e;jtu;. cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytu; gpuge;jj;jpul;L ,tuhNyNa njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu; jkpo;nkhop Muha;r;rp> khitf; fe;jrhkp Kk;kzpkhiy> ey;Yu;f; fe;jd; Nfhit vd;Dk; E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. 1936 – 1937 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; <oNfrupapy; jkpo;kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifap; rpwe;j fl;Liufis vOjpAs;shu;. Ntjhuzpaj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jtu; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jhNkhjuk;gps;is> rp. (1863 – 1921)
,tu; tjpupiar; Nru;e;jtu;. tpj;Jthd; jhNkhjuk;gps;is vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. Qhdrpj;jp vdDk khjntspaPl;bid elj;jpatu;. tjpup rp. ehfypq;fk;gps;isapd; jikadhu;. ,tu; re;jpahte;jd ufrpak;> irtrpuhu;j;jufrpak;> fjpu;fhkGuhz trdk; Mfpa E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhu;.
jpy;iyehj ehtyu; (1854 – 1934)
,tu; Gnyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. rpwe;j ciuahrpupau;> Guhzgpurq;fk; nra;tjpy; ty;ytu;> jpUts;Stu; rkzu; vd;Dk; nfhs;if kWg;G vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ,tu; vOjpAs;shu;.
ehfypq;fk;gps;is> rp. (1881 – 1951)
,tu; tjpupiar; Nru;e;jtu;. Qhdrpj;jp gj;jpupifiaj; njhlu;e;J elj;jpatu;. Qhdrpj;jp ae;jpurhiy vDk; Ngupy; mr;rfnkhd;iwf; funtl;bapy; epWtpf; fy;tpg; gzp Gupe;jtu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsjjpYk; ,tUf;F kpFe;j gq;Fz;L> jpUney;thapw;Guhzk;> jl;rz ifyhr Guhzk;> fjpu;fhkGuhzk; Kjypa E}y;fis Mf;fpAs;shu;.
ey;iyntz;gh> jQirthzd; Nfhitciu> re;jpahte;jdufrpak; Kjypa E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Js;shu;.
nghd;dk;gy cghj;jpahau;> f. (1881 – 1951)
,tJ funtl;b fpof;ifr; Nru;ejtu;. rpwe;j Gyikahsu;. fy;tp xOf;f ciu> re;jhdhrhupahu; rupj;jpur; RUf;fk;> ahu;f;fU tpehaf\&Q:ry;> ahu;f;fU tpehafu; jpUtpul;il kzpkhiy Kjypa E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. rpwe;j xOf;f rPyuhd ,tu; Flhehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspYKs;s Myaq;fspy; ifyg;gpurq;fk; nra;J te;jhu; vd;W mwpaKbfpd;wJ. fe;jGuhzk;> ngupaGuhzk;> jpUthrfk; vd;grw;wpy; rpwe;j gupr;raKilatu; vd;Wk; Nfs;tp> jpTshid murpdu; ghlrhiyapy; jiyikahrpupauhff; flikahw;Wk;NghJ (1926) ,tuJ fy;tp xOf;f ciu Kjw; gjpg;G ntspte;Js;sJ. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; gpd;tUk; rpwg;Gf; ftpiaf; fy;tp xOf;f ciuf;F toq;fpAs;shu;.
xsitg; gpuhl;bew; fy;tp nahOf;f kUSKiw
nrt;tpjp dha;e;Jiu nra;jr;rp Nyhq;fj; jpfOtpj;jhd;
irtd; fuitg; gjpad;nghd; dk;gyQ; rhwWngau;
vt;tkpd; kd;du; kjpf;F Kghj;jpah Nae;jpuNd.
xsitahuhyUspr;nra;ag;gl;l fy;tp xOf;fk; vDk; E}iy Vl;Lg; gpujpapypUe;J Kjd; Kjy; mr;Nrw;wpatUk; ,tNu vd;W mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; : - (1858 – 1936)
,tu; gUj;jpj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtu;. jkpo;> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; ghz;bj;jpak; kpf;ftu;. ftpij GidAk; Mw;wy; kpf;ftu;. cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; khztu;. ,tupd; khztNu Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is. rptngUkhd; myq;fhuk;> gRgjP];tuu; me;jhjp Kjypa E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;.
KUNfR> gz;bju;> - (1883 – 1958)
,tu; Jd;dhiy tlf;fpidr; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; Guhz gpurq;fk; nra;tjpYk; jdpg;ghly;fs; ,aw;WtjpYk; ty;ytu;. rka r%fg; gzpfs; Mw;wpAs;shu;. jkpo; ehL nrd;W rpyfhyk; tho;e;jtu; jpUePyfz;lu; klhyaj;ij epWtp kuGtopf; fy;tpiag; Ngzpatu;.
,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau; itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is
ty;it. r. (1843 – 1900)
,tu; ty;ntl;bj;JiwapNy Njhd;wpatu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaj;jpYk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; ,tUf;Fr; rpwg;ghd gq;Fz;L. ,tu; mr;rfk; epWtpj; jkpo;j; njhz;lhw;wpatu; vd;W mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. irthgpkhdp vd;Dk; gj;jpupifia elj;jpatu;. ,tu; ts;spak;ik jpUkzg; gly ciu R+ugd;kd; tijg; gly ciu> rpe;jhkzp epfz;L> rhjpepu;za Guhzk; Kjypa E}y;fisAk;> ty;it itj;jpNaru; gjpfk;> CQ;ry;> nry;tr;re;epjpj; jpUKiw> ey;Y}u;g; gjpfk;> khitg;gjpfk; Kjypa ghly;fisAk; vOjpAs;shu; vd mwpaKbfpd;wJ. rpwe;j Guhzg; gpurq;fpahfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;. ,tiug;gw;wpg; Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp xU E}y; vOjpAs;shu;.
Ntjehafk;gps;isg; Nghjfu;: (1865 - .....)
,tu; fw;Nfhtsk; vDk; Ciur; Nru;e;jtu;. jdJ ,UgjhtJ tajstpy; kl;lf;fsg;gGf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F tho;e;jtu;. jkpOk;> Mq;fpyKk; ed;F fw;wtu; vd;W mwpaKbfpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;G murb Mrpupa gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyapy; Nghjdhrpupauhff; flikahw;wpatu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; gy jdpg;ghly;fis vOjpdhu; vd;W Nfs;tp.
Mrpupaj; njhopiy tpl;L fpwp];jtkjg; Nghjfuhfp mf;fhyk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf; fpuhkq;fspNy ghlrhiy vJTk; ,y;yhjpUe;j ngUq;Fiwia ePf;fpdhu;. fpwp];j;jt kjg; Nghjid vd;w fhuzj;jpNdhL> ehl;bNy xOf;ff;fy;tpia Cl;batu;. kl;lf;fsg;G ehl;bd; gok; gz;ghL> fiyfs; vd;gtw;wpy; <LghL nfhz;ltu; vd;W gz;bju; tP. rp. fe;ijah Fwpg;gpLtu;.
,tu; jPgk;> yq;fhtu;j;jkhdp Kjypa ,jo;fspd; Mrpupauhf tpsq;fpatu;.
rpwe;j ciueilahrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;j Ntjehafk;gps;isg; Nghjfu; rpwe;j r%fj;njhz;lu; vd;Wk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,tu; ghba cotu;rpwg;G> kNyupahf; Fk;kp vd;w ghly;fs; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpapw; gpurpj;jkhdit vd;Wk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; Nkw;fhl;ba mwpQu;fistpl ,d;Dk; gyu; njhlu;G G+z;L ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; tlkuhl;rpapNyNa gpwe;J tsu;e;jtu;fs;. gpuNjrg; gw;W kpf;ftu;fs;. Mo;e;J mfd;w Gyikahsu;fs;. Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isf;Fg; gpd;G mtu; mbapy; thioab thioahf tsUk; Nguhrpupau;fs; M. NtYg;gps;is> fh. rptj;jk;gp> m. rz;Kfjh]; KjypNahu; Fwpg;gplf;$batu;fs;. tlkuhl;rpapd; kuGtop Kfpo;j;j fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; cuj;jpNy Nkiyj;Nja Ma;tZFKiwfisAk; iff;nfhz;L ,tu;fs; mUk;gzp Mw;wptUfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspd; gzp <oj;Jf;F ntspNa jkpo; $Wk; ey;YyF vq;Fk; gue;J tpahgpjJs;sJ.
Rthkp tpGyhde;juplKk; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isaplKk; fw;wjd; %yKk; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tp tsj;ijg; ngw;wtu;fs;. mEgtpj;jtu;fs; gyu;. ,tu;fSs; Nguhrpupau; R.tpj;jpahde;jDf;Fj; jdpj;JtkhdNjhu; ,lKz;L. NtNuhb tpshj;jp Kisj;jhYk; jha;top jg;ghJ vd;w xU gonkhop tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; epyTfpwJ. tlkuhl;rpiaj; jha;topahff;nfhz;Lk; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isiaf; Futhff;nfhz;Lk; jpfOk; Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jdpd; jpwdpYk; rpwg;gpYk; tlkuhl;rpapd; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tpf;Fk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpw;Fk; fzprkhd gq;Fz;L vdyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapy; ehty;> rpWfij vOj;jhsu;fs; gyu; tho;e;Js;sdu;: tho;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspy; Kf;fpakhf nr. fjpu;fhkehjd;> njzpahd;> ee;jpdp Nrtpau;> GnyhypA+u; rjhrptk;> uFehjd;> GnyhypA+u; jk;igah> gj;kehjd; Kjypa gyiur; Rl;br; nrhy;yyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; gy vOjpntspapl;l gyu; cs;sdu;. ,yf;fpak;> rkak;> Rfhjhuzk> tpQ;Qhdk;> fzpjk;> msitapay; Nghd;w JiwfspYk; vOjpAs;sdu;. ,tu;fspy; Kf;fpakhf aho;gghzd; vd;Dk; rptf;nfhOe;J Mrpupau;> gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp> tp. kfhypq;k;> tp.Nf. eluhrh> fk;gfh fe;jg;G> ,. Kj;Jj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau; fNzrypq;fk;> Njhk]; <g;gd;> Nf. v];. Ffjhrd;> K. mw;Gjehjd; Kjypa gyiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,g;gFjpapy; mwptpay;> tpQ;Qhdk; rhu;w;j mwpQu;fshfTk;> Ma;thsu;fshfTk; gyu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf Nguhrpupau; n[auj;jpdk; vypNaru;> mZtpQ;Qhdp cLg;gpl;b fe;ijah (mZ Muha;r;rpj;Jiw> mnkupf;fh)> fyhepjp jahepjp> rp. Nyhfehjd; KjypNahiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. <oj;jpy; ghlrhiyf;F ntspNa tpQ;Qhdk; fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndhb epWtdkhfj; njhz;ilkhdhW ntspf;fsepiyak; tpsq;FfpwJ. ,J I.rP.rP. vd;w midj;Jyf epWtdj;Jld; ,izg;Gg;ngw;wNj ,jd; rpwg;Gf;F ciufy;yhFk;. tlkuhl;rpapd; %isfNs ,jd; gpd;dzpapy; epd;wd.
murpay; JiwapYk; Mw;wYk; GfOk; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,g;gFjp mwpQu;fs; tpsq;fpAs;sdu;. ,tu;fspy; nghd;. fe;ijah> [P. [P. nghd;dk;gyk;> Nf. ghyrpq;fk;> ju;kFyrpq;fk; KjypNahiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
tlkuhl;rp aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; xU rpW gFjp. tlkuhl;rpia ,yq;ifapd; Kis vd;W rpNyilahf miog;ghu;fs;. tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; %isrhypfs; vd;w mgpg;gpuhaKk; jPtlq;fYk; cz;L. ,e;j mgpg;gpuhak; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpdhYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpdhYNk Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bw;Fr; rpy jdpj;jd;ikahd gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLtu; cz;ikNa. ,j; jdpj;jd;ikiag; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fSs; tlkuhl;rpAk; xd;W vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,t;tha;tpd; %yk; tlkuhl;rpf;Ff; fy;tp> gz;ghL Mfpatw;wpy; xU rpwg;gpay;G ,Ug;gjhfNt vz;zj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,r;rpwg;gpay;G ngUksT jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kd;gpd; njupahj xUtu; tlkuhl;rpapy; ve;j tPl;bYk; Jzpe;J thj;jpahu; vd;W $g;gplyhk; vd;ghu;fs;. jkpohrpupau;fs; epiwe;j xU gFjpahf xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; tlkuhl;rp fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ kuG topf; fy;tpKiw ed;F rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jikNa vdyhk;. jkpo; thj;jpkhupd;| gps;isfspy; ngUk;ghNyhu; Mq;fpyk; fw;W mwpQu;fshfTk; cau;e;j gjtp tfpg;gtuhfTk; te;Js;sdu;. ,g;gz;G FlhehL KOtjw;Fk; nghUj;jNknadpDk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fg; ngUk;ghd;iknad;W $wyhk;.
tlkuhl;rp> gpuNjrk; fle;j GfOilaJ. mjd; GfOf;F mbg;gilf;fhuzkhf miktJ fy;tp tsNkNadyhk;. VyNt fl;Liuapw; Fwpg;gpl;lJNghy; mjw;Fg; gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; cs. ,yf;fpak;> rkak;> mwptpay; newpfspy; Mw;wYk; <LghLKila gyu; <oj;jpd; fy;tpAyfj;jpw;F msg;gupa gzpiar; nra;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspy; Fwpg;gplf;$ba gyu; tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpap;y; tho;e;Js;sdu;.
,g;gFjpapd; Gfo;G+j;j mwpQu;fspd; kuG fpsf;Fk;| nghOJ mtu;fs; VNjh xUtifapy; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tp kugpypUe;J Kfpo;j;jtu;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kpfg; gyk;tha;e;j mj;j;pthuj;jpNyjhd; cau;e;j fl;blq;fs; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. rptrk;Gg; Gytu; njhlf;fk; Nguhrpupau; rptj;jk;gp tiu jkpopyf;fpag; gug;gpy; <ok; fle;j GfOf;Fupatu;fs;.
,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;f; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; tlkuhl;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gf; Fwpg;gplf;$baJ. mjw;Ff; fhy;Nfhshf mike;jtu; <oj;jpd; Kjw; fyhepjp Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isahtu;. ,tupd; gzp tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F xU Gjpa gyj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ vdyhk;. ,tupd; gq;fspg;Gj; jdpNa Muhag;gl Ntz;baJ. rptrk;Gg;Gytu;> Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; Fuf;fs;> Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is vd;w njhlu;r;rp ey;ynjhU gykhd ghuk;gupakhfNt mike;Js;sJ.
,t;tha;T G+uzj;JtkhdJ vd;Nwh> ,jd; KbTfs; Kbe;j KbTfs; vd;Nwh nfhs;sNtz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. ,e;E}y; G+uzkhd xU Ma;it Nehf;fpa gazj;jpd; KjybahfNt mike;Js;sJ. vd ek;gyhk;.
nghUs; ml;ltiz
(m) ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngWNthu;
mz;zh> NguwpQu; – 38
mz;zhtp Mo;thu; – 16
mz;zhtp MWKfk; - 16
mz;zhtp rutzKj;J – 16>17
mz;zhtp nry;iyah – 16
mz;zhtp jk;igah – 16
mz;zhtp kfhypq;fk; - 16
mz;zhtp KUfd; - 15
\mER+ah| NtYg;gps;is – 16
mk;gpifghfd;> r. - 50> 53> 58
mUze;jp> f. r – 58
mUzhry cghj;jpahau; – 59
mUsk;gy Rthkpahu; – 56
mUsk;gy Kjypahu; – 29
Mupar;rf;futu;j;jp – 4
Mo;thg;gps;is> rp. - 61
Mo;thg;gps;is> N[. v];. - 38> 60
MWKfehtyu; – 42> 52
MWKfk;gps;is> M. - 60
MWKfk; tpj;Jthd;> M. - 59
,e;jpughyh> fh. - 9
,gpd; gJ}jh – 9
\,akd;| NtyhAjk; - 16
,uj;jpduhrh> tz. vk;.V. - 60
,uhrrpq;fk;> v];. Nf. - 61
,uhrehafk;> Kjypahu; – 3
,uhkehjgps;is> j. - 46> 61
,uhkypq;fk> cLg;gpl;b Nt. - 61
,uhkypq;fk;> Jd;dhiy – 48
\,yq;if Nte;jd;| - 59
<. Nt. uh> ngupahu; – 38> 39
vypNaru;> n[auj;jpdk; - 69
Vfhk;guk;> f. - 61
Vfhk;guk;> eh. - 61
Vuk;g Kjypahu; – 58
fzgjpg;gps;is> f. - 42
fzgjpg;gps;is> fPo;f;fuit> t. - 37
fzgjpg;gps;is> R. - 38
fzgjpg;gps;is> njd;GNyhypA+u;> K. - 49> 50> 56> 58
fzgjpg;gp;s;is> gz;bjkzp> rp. - 26> 49
fzgjpg;gps;is GNyhyp> t. 26> 45> 54> 57> 62
fzgjpg;gps;is> Nguhrpupau;> f. - 4> 8> 9> 14> 16> 24> 46> 49> 50> 62> 68
fzgjpg;gps;is> Nt. - 62
fNzrgz;bju;> Qh. - 2
fNzrypq;fk;> Nguhrpupau;> tp. Nf. - 69
fNzrd;> rh. - 34
fNzrd;> gz;bju;> nghd;. - 34
fNzirau;> tpj;Jthd;> rp. - 52> 64
fz;zg;g Kjypahu;> gh. - 60
fjpiuNtw;gps;is> citkd; F. - 46> 47> 62
fjpiuNtw;gps;is> rjhtjhdk;> eh. - 33> 44> 45> 46> 47> 48> 56> 57> 58> 59> 63.
fjpu;fhkehjd;> nr. - 8> 69
fe;jg;gFkhud;> ,uhkypq;fu; – 29
fe;jg;G> fk;gfh – 69
fe;j KUNfrd; - 20> 22> 23> 44> 47> 63
fe;ijah> cLg;gpl;b – 49
fe;ijah> tpj;Jthd;> tP. rp. - 54
fypahzRe;judhu;> jpU. tp. f. - 56> 58> 3
fhu;j;jpNfR> gz;bju; – 38
fhu;j;jpNfR> gz;bju;> ngh. - 43> 63
fpU~;zho;th> vk;. tP. - 17> 18> 43> 44
FkhuRthkpg;Gytu;> ,yf;fzf;nfhj;ju;> t. - 44> 45> 64
FkhuRthkp Kjypahu; – 64
Fd;wf;Fb mbfs; - 34
Nfbypag;ggps;is – 55
NfhghyfpU~;zf;Nfhd;> F. kh – 46> 50
\FbauR| fe;jg;G – 39
\FbauR| nry;iyah – 39
Fyuj;jpdk;> f.rp. - 58
ifyhrgjp> Nguhrpupau;> f. - 24> 39> 49> 62
\rFzp| fe;jd; - 16
rr;rpjhde;jd;> gz;bju;> f. 54
rz;Kf rl;lk;gpahu; – 21
rz;Kfjh];> m. - 45> 62> 68
rz;Kfk;> funtl;b – 48
rjhrptk;> GNyhypA+u; – 8> 69
rjhtpyk;gps;is> Mu;zy;l; - 49
re;jpuNrfi Kjypah – 64
re;jpuNrfug;gps;is> tpj;Jthd; - 53
rghehjd;> Fy> - 3> 9
rghgjpg;gps;is> Nkiyg; GNyhyp – 55
rutzKj;J> tpj;Jthd; - 54
rhkpehijau;> Nt. - 46
rpjk;gug;gps;is> Nt. - 65
rpjk;guuhkypq;fk> tp. - 60
rptf;nfhOe;J> Nt. - 37> 69
rptrk;Gg; Gytu; – 22> 23> 24> 30> 44> 45> 47> 48> 57> 58> 59> 62> 64> 66> 68
rptQhd Re;juk;> rP. - 38> 39
rptQhd Kdptu; – 45
rptj;;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau;> fhu;j;jpNfR – 35> 38> 50> 55> 58> 62> 63> 65
rptghjRe;judhu;> irtg;ngupahu;> R. - 26> 27> 38> 46> 49> 50> 65
rptg;gpufhrk;> fyhepjp> F. - 52
rptuhrrpq;fk;> t. - 42
rptuhrd;>t. - 63
rpw;wk;gy cghj;jpahau;. f. - 64
rpd;dj;jk;gp cghj;jpahau;> j. - 65
rpd;dj;jk;gp> gz;bju;> fh. - 65
rpd;dj;jk;gpg Gytu; – 29> 51
\Rfzh| - 38
\Rgj;jpiu| Mo;thu; – 16
Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs;> r. - 36> 37> 45> 46> 65> 66
R+ud;> fh. - 30> 31> 32> 43> 49
R+ud> jpUkjp – 32
nrgNerd;> v];. - 46> 50
nry;iyah> my;thA+u;f; ftpQu; – 32> 66
nry;iyahgps;is> rp. - 66
nry;tehafk; - 18
nrt;te;jpehj Njrpfu;> jp. - 66
Nrdhjpuhrh Kjypahu;> ,Ughiy – 52> 61> 64
nrhf;fg;gehtyu; – 37
NrhkRe;jug;Gytu; – 59
Qhdrghgjpg;gps;is> ngh. - 36
Qhdrk;ge;jd;> m. r. - 34
Qhdg;gpufhru;> Rthkp – 4
jk;igah – 32
jahepjp> fyhepjp – 69
ju;kFyrpq;fk; - 8> 69
jhrPrpa];> m. - 16
jhNkhjuk;gps;is> tpj;Jthd; rp. - 36> 37
jhAkhdtu; – 55
jpy;iyehj ehtyu; – 48> 67
njzpahd; - 69
Njhk]; <g;gd; - 69
eluhrh> tp. Nf – 9
eluh[h> tpj;Jthd;. f. - 43
eNlrgps;is> R. - 58
ee;jpdp Nrtpau; – 69
ey;yjk;g – 59
etuj;jpdrhkp> ePr;ry; tPuu; – 43
ehfypq;fk;gps;is> tpj;Jthd;> tjpup> rp. - 36> 37> 67
\ehuju;| fe;ijah – 16
ney;iyehj Kjypahu; – 52
gj;kehjd; - 69
gukehjd;> Kuf. Nt. - 54
ghujpjhrd; - 54
ghujpahu;> kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa – 55> 56> 57> 58
ghu;gjp mk;ikahu; – 26> 27
ghyrpq;fk;> f.. - 8> 9> 46> 62> 69
ghw;fu NrJgjp – 57> 64
gPjhk;gud; - 59
GtNd];tup> Gytu; – 34
G+ghygps;is> tpj;Jthd;. r. - 53
nguparhkpg;gps;is> rh – 60
ngupajk;gpg;gps;is> Gytu;kzp – 53
nghd;dk;gy cghj;jpahau;> f. - 38> 67
nghd;dk;gygps;is> r. - 52> 63
nghd;dk;gyk;> [P. [P. - 8> 43> 69
Nghy;ba]; ghjpup – 5> 9
kfhypq;fk;> tp. - 69
Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; - 24> 44> 45> 62> 64> 67> 68
Kj;Jj;jk;gp> ,. - 69
KUNfR> Gytu;> jh. - 39> 68
%j;jjk;gp – 16
%j;jjk;gp mz;zhtpahu; – 16
\%dpg;| nghd;D – 16
aho;g;ghzj;Jr; Rthkp – 55> 56> 69
aho;g;ghzd; - 37> 69
Nyhfehjd;> rp. - 69
tr;rpuNtY Kjypahu; – 34
tapj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is> ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau;> ty;it> r. - 36> 45> 48> 50> 53> 59> 64> 68
ty;ypGuk;> irtg;Gytu;> v];. - 34
tprhfg;ngUkhs; Iau;> jpUj;jzpif – 29
tpj;jpahde;jd;> Nguhrpupau;> R. - 54 – 62
tpGyhde;ju; – 52> 53> 58
tp[aghujp – 34
tPufj;jp> gz;bju;> f. - 8> 9> 34> 40> 41> 43> 44> 50> 69
tPurpq;fk;> Jk;gis – 18
ntw;wpNtY thj;jpahu; – 20
Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;> gz;bju;> e.K. - 60
Ntjfpup Kjypahu;> fsj;J}u; – 29
Ntjehafk;gps;isg; Nghjfu; – 53> 54> 69
Ntyhj;ij cilahu; – 29
NtyhAj cilahu; – 51
NtYg;gps;is> rpd;idah 56
NtYg;gps;is> RNjrehl;bak; Mrpupau;> f. - 54
NtYg;gps;is> Nguhrpupau;> M. - 24> 45> 62> 68
Ntw;gps;is> k. f. - 54
[fehjd;> ,. th. 50
(M) ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngWk;
tlkuhl;rpap;y; vOe;j E}y;fs;
mfE}y; - 61
mUsk;gyf Nfhit – 64
msitE}y; - 46
msitapay; - 46> 61
,e;jpuFkhu ehlfk; - 64
,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhupau; ty;it r. itj;jpaypq;fk; gps;is – 50
,U ehlfq;fs; - 62
,];yhkpa fjhkhiy – 60
,];yhkpa ePjpnewp – 60
<oj;jkpou; tho;Tk; tsKk; - 62
<oj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; - 58
<oj;J ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfs; - 50
<okz;ly rjfk;
cyfk; gytpjk; - 60
cotu; rpwg;G – 54> 63
fz;zpw;fhf;Fk; fhtyd; - 40> 50
fjpu;fhk Guhzk; - 67
fjpu;fhk Guhz trdk; - 67
fe;jGuhz ciu – 66
fe;jGuhzk; R+ugj;kz; tijg;gly ciu – 65> 68
fe;jGuhz tpsf;fk; - 65
fe;jtdehj\&Q;ry; - 40> 64
fuit Ntyd; Nfhit – 29> 51> 61
fypfhyf; Fk;kp – 60
fypfhyf; Nfhyk; - 60
fypfhy Ntbf;if – 60
fy;tp cstpay; - 61
fy;tp xOf;f ciu – 66> 68
fhjypahw;Wg;gil – 9> 50>62
fpwP];jt gQ;rhkpu;jk; - 60
Nfhl;Lg; Guhzk; - 61
NfhjhupkPJ fypj;Jiw – 66
rq;fpypad; - 62
rj;jpaNtj mk;khid – 60
re;jhdhrhupahu; rupj;jpur; RUf;fk; - 67
re;jpahte;jd ufrpak; - 67
re;jpuNrfuf; FwtQ;rp – 64
rhrdKk; jkpOk; - 24
rhjpepu;za Guhzk; - 68
rptrk;Gg;Gytu; gpuge;jj; jpul;L – 66
rpe;jhkzp epfz;L – 68
rptngUkhd; myq;fhuk; - 68
nry;tr;re;epjpg; gjpfk; - 63
irtf;fpupia tpsf;fk; - 65
irtrpuhu;j;j ufrpak; - 66
irtNghjk; - 65
nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk; - 46
Nrhjplr; Ruf;fk; - 65
jr;re;Njhg;Gg;gps;isahu; jpUg;gjpfk; - 65
jr;re;Njhg;Gg;gps;isahu; gps;isj;jkpo; - 65
jr;irr; rpNyil ntz;gh – 42
jkpo;r;nrhy; mfuhjp – 47
jkpo;nkhop Muha;r;rp – 66
j~z ifyhr Guhzk; - 67
jpUf;Fws; mjpfhrhukhfpa jpUj;jhyhl;L – 62
jpUr;re;epjpNtyu; jpUg;gjpfk; - 65
jpUr;nre;J}u; jpUtpul;il kzpkhiy – 65
jpUney;thapw; Guhzk; - 67
jpUtUl;gad; tpsf;fTiu
jpUts;Stu; rkzu; vd;Dk; nfhs;if kWg;G – 67
jpUtpw; Rg;gpukzpau; gjpfk; - 64
JfsW Nghj ciu – 66
erNua me;jhjp – 60
erNua ,ul;ilkzpkhiy – 60
erNua Kk;kzpf;Nfhit – 60
ey;Y}u;f; fe;jd; Nfhit – 65
ed;D}w; fz;bif ciu tpsf;fk; - 45> 64
ehtyd; Nfhit – 47> 63
ehdhlfk; - 62
epy msitr; RUf;fk; - 65
ePyNyhrdp mk;kd; Njhj;jpuk; - 56
nebafhl;L CQ;ry; - 59
gRgjP];tuu; me;jhjp – 68
gRgjP];tuu; CQ;ry; - 52
guhrf;jp gl tpku;rdk; - 32
ghw;fuNrJgjpkPJ fy;yhlf; fypj;Jiw – 47> 57
ghw;fuNrJgjpkPJ ehd;kzpkhiy – 64
ghw;fuNrJgjpkPJ ,ul;il kzpkhiy – 64
gps;isg;ghl;L – 59> 65
G+Nyhf Ntbf;if – 60
kjdty;yp tpyhrk; - 65
kNyupahf; Fk;kp – 54> 68
khzpf;fkhiy – 24> 49> 62
khaf;Fk;kp – 60
khitf; fe;jrhkp Kk;kzpkhiy – 66
khd;tpLJ}J – 65
%sha;r; rpj;jp tpehafu; CQ;ry; - 67
ahu;f;fU tpehafu; CQ;ry; - 67
ahu;f;fU tpehafu; jpUtpul;il kzpkhiy – 67
tz;LtpL J}J – 66
tsu;gpiw – 66
ts;spak;ik jpUkzg;gly ciu – 68
tpwyptpLJ}J – 64
ntUfw; rpj;jpuNtyhAj Rthkp Ngupy; fPu;j;jidfs; - 63
Ntyg; gzpf;fd; ngz;rhjp mupahj;ij Ngupy; xg;ghup – 37
crhj;Jiz
mk;gpifghfd;> r.> Rthkp tpGyhde;jupd; tho;f;ifAk; gzpAk;> mbfshu; gbtkyu;> rpiy
epWtdf; Fotpdu;> fhiujPT (fp. kh.)> 1969
,e;jpughyh> fh.> aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> aho;g;ghzj; njhy;nghUspaw; fofk;>
tl;Lf;Nfhl;il> ,yq;if> 1972.
fzgjpg;gps;is Nguhrpupau;> f.> ,yq;iftho; jkpou; tuyhW| Nguhjid> 1956.
fhjypahw;Wg;gil> jpUkfs;> mOj;jfk> Rz;dhfk;> 1950.
khzpf;fkhiy> rhtfr;Nrup ,yq;fhgpkhdp mr;rpae;jpurhiy> 1953 (,uz;lhk;
gjpg;G).
fzgjpg;gps;is> gz;bjkzp> rp.> GNyhypA+u;g; ngupahu; rptghjRe;juk;; epidT kyu;>
aho;g;ghzk;> 1978.
fzgjpg;gps;is> njd;GNyhypA+u;> K.> GNyhypA+u;g; Gytu;fs; fjpnuhsp> gUj;jpj;Jiw> 1976.
fe;ijah> gz;bju;> tP.rP.> kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk;> <oNfrupg; nghd;idah epidT ntspaPL>
FUk;grpl;b> 1964.
fypahzRe;ju Kjypahu;> jpU. tp.> jpU. tp. f. tho;f;iff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;> gFjp I> jpUney;Ntyp
irtrpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id> 1969
.
Fyuj;jpdk;> f. rp> ehtyu; E}w;whz;L tpohkyu;> aho;g;ghzk; 1980
ifyhrgjp> Nguhrpupau;> f.> gz;ilj;jkpou; tho;Tk; topghLk;> ghupepiyak;> nrd;id> 1966.
rjhrptk;gps;is Mu;dy;l;> ghtyu; rupj;jpu jPgfk;> ];jpUq; m];gup ,ae;jpurhiy> khdpg;gha;
1886.
rghehjd; Fy> rpq;ifefu; r%fj;njhz;ld; Mz;Lkyu;> 1961.
rptj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau; fh>. ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau;> ty;it> r. itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is.
<oj;jpy; jkpopyf;fpak;> jkpo;g;Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id 1978.
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;> ghujpghly;fs;> rf;jp ntspaPL> 1957.
R+ud;> fh. vdJ tuyhW> jpU. fh. R+ud;> mtu;fspd; epidT kyu; 1960
ghyrpq;fk; Nf.> rl;l ep\&gzg; Ngr;R| <oNfrup 1931.
Nghy;ba]; - Ceylon by Baldaeus – A Description of a grest and most famous IFIE of Ceylon.
tPufj;jp gz;bju;. f.> nrOq;fkyr; rpyk;nghyp> thzp> funtl;b 1970
fz;zpw; fhf;Fk; fhtyd;> thzp> 1969.
<oj;J ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfs; - midj;Jyf ehd;fhtJ jkpohuha;r;rp kfhehL>
aho;g;ghzk;> 1974.
NtYg;gps;is> tahypshd; f.> aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp> [a= rhujh gPNle;jpurhiy> tah
tpshd; 1918.
n[gNerd;> v];. <oehl;by; vOe;j jkpo; mfuhjpfs;> midj;Jyf ehd;fhtJ jkpohuha;r;rp
khehL (epidT kyu;) 1974.
[k;Gypq;fk;gps;is> nr. Nt. gjpg;ghrpupau;> ifyhakhiy.
= ghyRg;gpukzpa gf;j[d rig> taputpohkyu;> nrd;id 1968.
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