சர்வம் குகமயம்
Showing posts with label வரலாற்று நூல்கள். Show all posts
Showing posts with label வரலாற்று நூல்கள். Show all posts
Tuesday, June 14, 2011
Sunday, June 12, 2011
வடமராட்சியின் கல்விப் பாரம்பரியமும் இலக்கிய வளமும்
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk;
v];. rptypq;fuh[h
tlkuhl;rpapd;
fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk;
,yf;fpa tsKk;
v];. rptypq;fuh[h
E}yhrpupau;.......
ekJ gz;ghl;Lg; Ngzy; Kaw;rpapy; jpU. rpjk;gug;gps;is rptypq;f uh[h mtu;fSla E}y; kpfTk; gaDs;s gzpapidf; fhyj;Jf;Nfw;w tifapNy Mw;Wfpd;wJ. Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; jkpou;fSila tho;tpay; gw;wpa Ez;zha;Tfs; rpw;wpd mbg;gilapNy epfopd;> mtw;wpd; gadhf Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is fdTfz;l “<oj;J tho;Tk; tsKk;” gw;wp tpupthfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; vOjp ntspapl tha;g;G cz;lhFk;. tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; te;jtuhfpa Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isapd; Mty; epiwNtWk; tz;zk; kw;Wk; gyUk; Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;Sk;gb J}z;Ljw;Fk; ,e;E}y; cjtpaha; cs;sJ.
jpU. rptypq;fuh[h aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpior; rpwg;Gg; ghlkhff; fw;W Kjw;gpuptpNy rpj;jp ngw;wtu;. gy;fiyf;fofj;Jf;F tUtjw;F Kd;dJ fe;jKUNfrd;> gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp> V.b. Rg;gpukzpak; Nghd;Nwhuplk; jkpo; fw;Fk; tha;g;gpidg; ngw;wpUe;jhu;. fiykhzpj; Nju;Tf;F “tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk;” vd;Dk; Ma;Tf; fl;Liuar; rku;g;gpj;jhu;. mf;fl;Liuapid tpupthf vOjp ntspaplNtz;Lnkd tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpf; fofq;fs; rpyTk;> Mu;tyu;fs; rpyUk; ,tiuj; J}z;b te;jdu;. mjd; gaNd ,e;E}yhFk;. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j;JiwapNy tpupTiuahsuhfg; gzpahw;Wk; jpU. rptypq;fuh[h vq;fSila Jiwapd; jkpo;g;gzp vt;tifapNy eilngWfpd;wJ vd;gij cyFf;Ff; fhl;lj; jd;dhyhd gq;fspg;ghf ,e;E}iy ntspapLfpd;whu;.
aho;g;ghzj; jkpou;fSila fy;tp> nkhop> ,yf;fpak; Mfpad gw;wp mwpa tpUk;Gk; Ma;thsu;fSf;F ,e;E}y; ey;y gaDs;s jfty;fisf; nfhLf;fty;yJ.
Nguhrpupau; m. rz;Kfjh];
jkpo;j;Jiw
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
tlkuhl;rpapd;
fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk;
,yf;fpa tsKk;
v];. rptypq;fuh[h
jkpo;j;Jiw.
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
ntspaPL:
tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tp tl;lk;>
nghd;Dr;rhkp Nfhl;lk;>
gUj;jpj;Jiw.
Educational Tradition
& Literary Development
in Vadamaradchi (in Tamil)
(Vadamaradchiyin Kalvip Parampariyamum Iiakkiya Valamum)
by
S.Sivalingarajah B.A. (Hons.)
Assistant Lecturer>
University of Jaffna
Thirunelvely> Jaffna
Publishers:
Vadamaradchi Study Circle
Ponnuchamy Koddam
Point Pedro.
cupik : MrpupaUf;F
1984-05-05
mr;Rg;gjpg;G:
jpUkfs; mOj;jfk;> Rd;dhfk;.
tpiy &gh: 25-00
tho;j;Jiu
Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd;
M.A.Ph.D
JizNte;ju;>
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;
<oj;Jj; jkpopay; njhlu;ghf aho;;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ijf; fskhff; nfhz;L eilngw;WtUk; gy;NtW epiyfspyhd Ma;Tfs; xd;W. “tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk;” vd;w jiyg;gpyhd E}yhf cUg;ngw;Ws;sJ. jkpo;j; Jiwj;Jiz tpupTiuahsuhd jpU. v];. rptypq;fuh[h mtu;fs; jkJ rpwg;Gf; fiykhzpg; gl;lj;Nju;tpd; xU gFjpia epiwTnra;Ak;nghUl;L Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;tpd; NgW ,J.
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; tlfpof;Fg; gpuNjrkhfpa “tlkuhl;rp” <oj;Jj; jkpo;g; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fupa rpwg;Gf; $Wfs; gytw;iwj; jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;lJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw MfpaJiwg; gl;bdq;f@lhfj; jkpo;ehl;LlDk; fpof;fpyq;ifAlDk; njhlu;G nfhz;Ls;s ,g; gpuNjrk;> mj;njhlu;ghy <oj;Jj; jkpo;g; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F Mw;wpAs;s gq;fspg;G tpupthd Ma;f;FupaJ. rkaj;JiwapYk; nkhopj;JiwapYk; Gfo;G+j;j mwpQu; ngUkf;fis cUthf;fpa rpwg;G mk;kz;Zf;FupaJ. “khathjJk;rNfhsup” vdTk;> “mj;Jtpj rpj;jhe;j kNfhj;jhuzu;” vdTk; rpwg;Gg; ngau;fisg; ngw;wtUk;> jpU.tp. fy;ahzRe;ju Kjypahupd; Mrpupau; ngUkhDkhfpa eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isAk;> <oj;jpd; KjyhtJ jkpo;f; fyhepjp vd;w rpwg;Gf;Fupa Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;isAk; ,k;kz;zpNy Njhd;wpatu;fnsd;gJ <z;L epidT$Wjw;FupaJ. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gkpf;f ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; mjd; tpisTfspnyhd;whd ,yf;fpatsj;ijAk; fz;lwpAk; Kaw;rp ,e;E}ypy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehd;F ,ay;fspy; mikAk; ,e;E}ypd; KjyhtJ ,ay; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; Gtpapay;> tuyhW> nghUspay;> gz;ghl;bay; vd;git njhlu;ghd nghJ mwpKfkhf mikfpd;wJ.
,uz;lhk; ,ay; ,g; gpuNjrj;jpd; tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupaj;ij Muha;fpd;wJ. ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;> $j;JkuG> rpW nja;t topghl;L kuG Mfpa ,it njhlu;ghd mupa jfty;fs; gy jpul;bj;jug;gl;Ls;sd. $j;JkuG vd;w tifapNy ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; mz;zhtpkuG njhlu;ghfj; jug;gl;Ls;s Fwpg;Gfs; NkYk; tpupthd Ma;tpid mthtpepw;fpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf m;z;zhtp Mo;thu; vdg;gLk; vk;.tP. fpU];zho;thu; Kjypa rpyuJ tuyhWfs; jdpE}y;fshf vOjg;glNtz;ba msT tplag;gug;Gilait.
%d;whtJ ,ay; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpid Muha;fpwJ. FUFy Kiwapyhd jpz;izf; fy;tp kuG> Inuhg;gpau; njhlu;gpyhd ghlrhiyf; fy;tp kuG Mfpa ,U tiffspYk; ,q;F vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; cUthfp tsu;e;jik gw;wpa gy jfty;fs; ,t;tpaypNy jpul;bj; jug;gl;Ls;sd. fy;tpKiwfs;> fy;tp gapy;fsfq;fs;> fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; vOj;jpyf;fpaKk; Mfpa Jizj;jiyg;Gf;fsy; mikAkpt;tpaNy ,t;tha;T E}ypd; rhuhk;rkhd gFjpahFk;. aho;g;ghzg; ngUepyj;jpd; nghJthd vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; gpd;dzpapy; tlkuhl;rpapd; mg;ghuk;gupak; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tpf;$lq;fis epWtpatu;fspd; tupirapNy tlkuhl;rpapd; gs;su; r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j jpU.fh.R+ud; mtu;fsJ gzp ,q;F jdpf;ftdj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. \rhjpkhd;fSf;Fk;\ fpwp];jt gpurhufu;f;Fk; vjpuhfj; Njtiuahsp irttpj;jpah rhiyia (gpd;du; Njtiuasp ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up) epWtpa md;dhuJ gz;Gk; gzpAk; tpupthd Ma;Tf;Fupa tplag;gug;Gilad. ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> rkak;> jj;Jtk; Mfpa Jiwfspw; rpwe;J tpsq;fpatu;fshd cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg;Gytu;> Kj;Jf;Fkhu Rthkpf; Fuf;fs;> Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs;> GNyhyp t. fzgjpg;gps;is> GNyhyp t. FkhuRthkpg;Gytu;> fe;jKUfNfrdhu;> eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;is> irtg; ngupahu; rptghjRe;judhu;> Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is Kjypa ngUkf;fsJ gzpfs; njhlu;ghf ,t;tpaypw; Rl;lg;gLk; mk;rq;fs; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk; gupaj;jpdJk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpdJk; nrOikiag; GygLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tu;fs; tsj;jpdJk; nrOikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,tu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdp Muhag;glNtz;ba jifikAilaNthuhtu;.
<oj;jpd; Vda gpuNjrq;fSlDk; jkpo; ehl;LlDk; tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrk; nfhz;bUe;j njhlu;Gfs; – rpwg;ghff; fy;tp rhu; njhlu;Gfs; - “tlkuhl;rpAk; gpwgFjpfSk;|| vd;Dk; jiyg;gpyhyhd ehd;fhk; ,aypy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. fpof;fpyq;if je;j jkpo;g; NguwpQu;fshd jkpo;j;Jiw Kjw; Nguhrpupau; Rthkp tpGyhde;ju;> Gytu;kzp ngupajk;gpg;gps;is> tpj;Jthd; f. G+ghygps;is Kjypatu;fsJ fy;tpf;F tpj;jpl;Nlhu; tlkuhl;rpiar; rhu;e;Njhnud;gJ ,t;tpaypw; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
mNjNghy kfhftp Rg;gpukzpaghujpapd; FUthd aho;g;ghzj;Jr; Rthkp vdg;gLk; mUsk;gyk; vd;ghu; tlkuhl;rpiar; rhu;e;jtu; vd;gJk; epidTf;F ,l;Ltug;gLfpd;wJ.
eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;;is> t. fzgjpg;gps;is> ‘,aw;wkpo;g; Nguhrpupau;| ty;;it r. itj;jpypq;fk;gps;is MfpNahu; jkpo; ehl;by; Mw;wpa gzpfSk; mtw;whw; ngw;w rpwg;Gk; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
E}ypy; ,Wjpapy; mikAk; mDge;jk; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpw;Fk; gq;fspg;G nra;jtu;fsJ tpguj;jpul;lhf mikfpwJ.
,e;E}ypd; Mrpupauhd jpU. rptypq;fuh[h mtu;fs; <oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpNy rpwg;G <LghLnfhz;ltu;. rp. it. jhNkhjuk;gps;is. kfhtpj;Jthd; rp. fNzirau;> Rd;dhfk; m. FkhuRthkpg;Gytu; MfpNahuJ jkpo;g;gzpfs; gw;wpj; jdpf;ftdk; nrYj;jptUgtu;. ,tuJ rp.it jhNkhjuk;gps;is gw;wpa rpWE}y; Kd;dNu ntspte;jJ. mLj;J ,e;E}y; ntsptUfpd;wJ.
<oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpak; njhlu;ghfTk; mjw;F mbg;gulahd r%f – ghz;ghl;L tuyhW njhlu;ghfTk; fw;f tpioNthUf;F – rpwg;ghf aho;g;ghzj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa kuig mwpa tpioNthUf;F – gad;glj;jf;f xU E}yhf ,J mikfpwJ. jpU. rptypq;fuh[h mtu;fsu; Ma;Tg;gzp NkYk; tsu Cf;fkspg;gJ jkpo; Mhtyu;fsJ fldhFk;.
mzpe;Jiu
Nguhrpupau; M.NYg;gps;is
P.h.D. (Cey.), D. Phl. (Oxon)
jiytu;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
aho;;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
jpUney;Ntyp> aho;g;ghzk;.
,yq;if kz;zpNy jkpopdj;Jf;Fupa cupk gpw ,dj;Jf;Fupa cupikapYk; vt;tifapYk; Fiwe;jjhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ vd;w mgpyhir> fle;j Rkhu; mWgJ Mz;Lfshf ,yq;if murpaypNy jkpou; gpur;rpid\\iaj; Njhw;Wtpj;J tUfpwJ. jkpoUila murpay; Nfhupf;iffs; fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; NtWgl;L tUfpwNghjpYk;> mit ahtw;Wf;Fk; mbehjkhf tpsq;FtJ jkpopdj;jpd; rkcupikf; Nfhupf;ifNa. rpq;fs ,dk; jdJ tuyhw;iwAk; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; XusT njspthf tpsq;Fk;gb Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J te;Js;sJ. ,yq;ifj; jkpo;[dk; ,yq;if kz;Nzhnlhl;ba jdJ tuyhw;iwAk; ghuk;gupaj;ijAk; kdpj;Jtr; rpwg;NghL vLj;Jg; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;J epiyepWj;JtjpNy jtwptpl;lJ.
,yq;ifj; jkpopdk; “tuyhw;W ,y;yhj jkpou;|| “ghuk;gupak; ,y;yhj jkpou;|| vd;w mtJ}Wfis vjpu;j;jug;ghuplkpUe;J Vw;fNtz;ba epiyapy; ,Uf;f;pwJ. ,yq;ifj; jkpopdj;jpd; tuyhw;iwj; Jyf;fkilar; nra;tjw;F ,d;W gyJw mwpQu;fs; gy;NtW topfspy; Kad;WtUfpd;wdu;. aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;Jj; jkpo;j;Jiwapy; cjtp tpupTiuahsuhff; flikahw;Wk; rptypq;fuhrhtpd; ,r; rpWE}Yk; ,t;tifapNy Nghw;wg;glNtz;ba xU Kaw;rpNa. mtu; jkpo;r; rpwg;Gf;fiy tFg;gpNy khztdhf ,Ue;jNghJ vOjpa fl;Liu rpwpa tpupthf;fk; ngw;W ,g;nghOJ E}YUg;ngWfpwJ.
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bw;Ws;Sk; tlkuhl;rp rpy mk;rq;fspNy jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j gFjpahfj; jpfo;fpwJ. tlkuhl;rpapNy rpwe;j fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; epytptYfpd;wikia vLj;Jf;fhl;LtjpNy> E}yhrpupau; ntw;wpngw;Ws;shu;. vdpDk; Muha;r;rp njhlu;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lhy;> ,r; rpWE}y; ngUE}yhf ,lkpUf;fpwJ. fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; kl;Lky;yhJ tlkuhl;rpj; jkpou; ghuk;gupankd E}y; tpuptile;jhy;> gad;kpf;f E}nyhd;W Njhd;w ,lkpUf;fpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpg; ghuk;gupak; tlkuhl;rpapy; ,d;Ws;s fy;tpjhd;fSf;Nf Kw;WKOtjhfj; njupatuhJ. gy ,lq;fspYk; gytifj; jfty;fisj; NjbNa> mtw;wpd; Jiznfhz;L> tlkuhl;rpg; ghuk;gupak; Muha;r;rp fhzg;glNtz;ba epiyapYs;sJ. tlkuhl;rpg; ghuk;gupak; njspTngw;why;> mjf; fz;lwpag; gad;gl;l topKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp> aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; gpw gFjpg; ghuk;gupaq;fis Muha;e;J fhzyhk;. ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ,dj;jpd; ghuk;gupaj;j Muha;e;J fhzyhk;. ,yq;ifj; jkpo; ,dj;jpd; ghuk;gupaj;ij Muha;e;J fhz> aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;Lg; ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa Muha;r;rp cjTk; vd;gJ nrhy;ypj; njupaNtz;bajpy;iy.
rptypq;fuhrhtpd; rpWE}y; “fhyj;jpd; Njit||ia xl;b ntsptUfpwJ. ,jw;F kf;fspilNa ey;y tuNtw;G ,Ue;jhy; tlkuhl;rpj; jkpou; ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa ngUE}iy mtu; vOJtjw;F mJ J}z;Ljyhf mikAk;. me;j tuNtq;G ,yq;ifj; jkpou; ghuk;gupaj;ijg; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; Muha;tjw;F mwpQu;fspd; ftdj;ijj; jpUg;GtjhfTk; mikAk;.
Kd;Diu
<oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wha;tpw; Fwtl;lg; gpuNjr Ez;zha;YfSf;fhf Njit. mZFKiw – xU Fwpg;G.
Nguhrpupau; fhu;j;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp
jkpo;j;Jiw>
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk;>
aho;g;ghzk;.
aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;j;Jiwapd; rpwg;Gg; gl;ljhup tFg;G khztu;fs; jkJ ,Wjp tUlj;jpw; fl;lhakhfr; rku;g;gpf;fNyz;na Ma;Tf; fl;Liunahd;W ,g;nghOJ ,e;E}y; tbtpy; ntsptUfpwJ. jkpo;j;Jiwapd; ,d;iwa cjtp tpupTiuahsu;fspy; xUtuhf tpsq;Fk; jpU. rpjk;gug;gps;is rptypq;fuh[h ,jd; Mrpupau;. jpU. rptypq;fuh[htpd; ,e;j Ma;Tf; fl;Liu mr;Rg; gjpTf;F Kd;dNu gyuhy; ehlg;ngw;W thrpf;fg; ngw;w xd;whFk;. tlkuhl;rp gw;wpa ,f;fl;LiuNghd;W> njd;kuhl;rp gw;wpAk; Xu; Ma;Tf;fl;Liu vOJtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
<oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; gpujhd gpuNjrf; $Wfshf mikgit aho;g;ghzk;> kl;lf;fsg;G> td;dp> kiyafk; vd;gdthFk;. ,tw;Ws; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fhuzkhf mJNt “Nkyhz;ik|| Aila <oj;Jj; jkpo;g; gpuNjrkhff; fzpf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. aho;g;ghzj;Jg; ghuk;gupaq;fNs <oj;jpd; (jkpo;g;) ghuk;gupaq;fshfg; Nghw;Wk; xU kdepiy ,d;Dk; rpyupilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ.
,t;thW ‘tpje;J| $wg;gLk; aho;g;ghzj;jpDs;Sk; aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;bd; nghJj; jd;ikapd; mq;fq;fshfTk; mNjNtisapy; jkf;nfd xU jdpj;JtKila cggz;ghLfshfTk; tpsq;Fk; myFfs; cs;sd. tlkuhl;rp> njd;kuhl;rp> jPTg; gFjp vd;gdtw;iwAk; aho;g;ghzg; gl;bdj;jpDs; tUk; tz;zhu; gz;iziaAk; cjhuzkhff; $wyhk;.
aho;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;bd; ,d;wpaikahj XJ myfhf tpsq;Fk; tlkuhl;rpg; gpuptpd; ,yf;fpaj; Njhw;wj;jpw;fhd %yq;fisAk;> mf mikg;Gf;fisAk; mtw;wpd; topahf ntspte;j ,yf;fpa ntspg;ghLfsAk; gUtiuthfr; Rl;LtNj ,t;tha;Tf; fl;Liuapd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fhFk;.
aho;;g;ghzg; gz;ghl;L tl;lj;jpDs; tlkuhl;rpg; gpupTf;Fr; rpy kdpj;Jtkhd gz;Gfs; cs;sd. kw;iwa gpupTfSld; xg;gpl;L Nehd;Fk; nghOJ ,g; gpuNjrj;jpy; ghuk;gupaj;ijg; gioikNgz; czu;Tld; NgZkNj Ntisapy; NkNyhq;Ftjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisj; jUk; Gikia xJf;fhJ gad;gLj;Jk; xU fUj;J epiyAk; tplhKaw;rpg; gz;Gk; epyTtijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; gpuNJr Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fy;tpj;JiwapYk; mjd; fhuzkhf cj;jpNahfj;JiwapYk; czug;gl;lJ. ty;iy xU Gwj;jpYk; cg;Gf;fly; kWGwj;jpYkhf ,g;gpuNjrj;Jf;Ff; fpilj;j xU Gtpapay; xJf;fw;ghLk; rpy jdpj;Jtkhd r%fg; gz;Gfs; njhlu;e;J Ngzg;gLtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
xU gpuNjrg; ghuk;gupaj;jpDs; xU gpuptpd; gz;ghl;L mirtpaf;fk; vt;thW mike;Js;sJ vd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJk; mt;tpsf;fj;jpd; topahf aho;g;ghzg; ghuk;gupaj;ij mjd; gFjpepiyapYk; KoepiyapYk; mwpe;J nfhs;tJNk ,e;j Ma;T Kaw;rpapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.
,J Kw;W Kojhf Kjw;gl;lepiygl;l khzt Kaw;rpahfNt njhlf;fg;gl;lnjdpDk; Ma;thsupd; MhtKk; Nehf;F Kjpu;r;rpAk; ‘rpwpJ NtWgl;l Mokhd|| Ma;Tf;F ,lkspj;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhfr; rpwynewpKiwg; gpur;rpidfs epd;W vjpu;Nehf;Fk; epiy Vw;gl;lJ.
jpU. rptypq;fuh[h ,e;j Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;lNghJ ,U Kf;fpa gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. KjyhtJ ,yf;fpak; vd;gJ ahJ? mJ ve;epiyg;gl;lJ vd;gjhFk;. xU gFjpapd; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; cUthf;fg;gLk; Kiwik gw;wpa njsptpUj;jy; mj;jpahtrpakhFk;. ,yf;fpa cw;gj;jp gw;wpa njsptpy;yhtpbd; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa njsptpy;yhJ Ngha;tpLk;. ,uz;lhtJ ,yf;fpak; gw;wp Nkw;nfhs;Sk; fUj;Jikjpf;F (fUJ NfhSf;F) mika> mg;gFjpapd; rfy ,yf;fpa ntspg;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;Ffpd;w Xu; mZF Kiwia epWtpf; nfhs;SjyhFk;.
,e;j ,uz;L gpur;rpidfisAk; vjpu;Nehf;fpa nghOJ mJ ehs;tiu tof;fpypUe;J te;j “ahu; vjid vOjpdhu;|| vd;w Mrpupau; (Gytu;) epiyg;gl;l Nehf;F ,e;jg; gpur;rpidfisg; Gwq;fhz;gjw;F gad;glhJ vd;gJ njupate;jJ. gpuNjrg; gpuptpd; jdpj;Jtq;fisAk; mtw;Wf;Fk; Mrpupaupd; Mf;f Msikf;FKs;s Clhl;lj;ijAk; me;j Nehf;F ntspf;nfhzuhJ.
NkYk;> ,e;j Ma;tpd; Nehf;Fg; gFjp gw;wpa Ez;zha;T %yk; KOikapd; Nfhsg; nghypitj; njspTgLj;jpf; nfhs;tNjahd;ikahy; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; kWgpupTfis tpl ,g;gpuptpid cau;e;jjhf typAWj;Jk; vz;zKk; njhopw;gl KbahJ Ngha;tpl;lJ. ,e;jf; Fwtl;lg; gpupT Nkd;ik thjKk; ghuk;gupa topg;gl;lNjahFk;. tud; Kiwahd Ma;tpNy mj;jifa kdg;Nghf;Ff;fSf;F vd;Wk; ,lk; fpilahJ.
,f;fl;lj;jpNyjhd; ,d;W r%f tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; “gUepiy – Ez;;epiy Ma;T Kiwik|| apid (Macro and micro level studies) mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;bajhapw;W. xt;Nthu; Ma;Tj; Jiwf;Fk; mjd; nghUs; xOw;Ff;Nfw;g ,t;tha;T Kiwik ifahsg; gLnkdpDk; ,jd; mbg;gilahd gz;G> Ez;epiy Ma;Tfspd; %yk; ngwg;gLtdtw;wpidf; nfhz;L gUepiyg; gz;Gj; njhFg;gpidr; nra;tJk;> gz;Gfs; Ez;epiyapy; vt;thwhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;w ghu;g;gJkhFk;. xU ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugwq;fshf ,it njhopw;gLk;.
,Nj Ez;epiy Ma;T Kiwikapid <oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wha;tpd; ghw;gLj;jp Nehf;fpdhy;> tlkuhl;rpgw;wpa Ma;T ,uz;L tplaq;fis mwpa cjTtjhf mikjy; Ntz;Lk;.
1. ,e;jg; gpupT kl;lj;jpy; ,yf;fpaj;jpd; cw;gj;jp> tpepNahfk;> Efu;T mikAk; Kiwikia mwptjd; %yk; <oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa Koikapd; myFfs; vt;thW Njhd;wp KoikahfpAssd vd;gij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;; ,e;jg; gpupTf;Fk; kw;iwa gpupTfSf;FKs;s Clhl;lk; gw;wpa mwpTk; ,jw;Fs; mlq;Fk;.
2. gUepiy Ma;T kl;lj;jpu; nghJg;gz;Gfs; vd;W $wg;gLgit ,e;j Ez;zpiy Ma;tpd;nghOJ ve;j msTf;F ,iaGiladthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijj; njspTgLj;jy;.
,e;j mbg;gilapd; gpur;rpidia mZfKidAk;nghOJ> juTfsAk;> jfty;fisAk; Fwpg;gpl;l xOq;F Kiwapy; (mj;jpaha tupirapy;) mikf;fNtz;b Vw;gl;lJ. Kjypy; ,g;gpuptd; r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpia epWtp mLj;J ,yf;fpaj;jpid tha;nkhop vOj;Jg; ghuk;gupaq;fSf;fpiaa tFj;J Nehf;fp ,Wjpahf ,g;gpuptpd; ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfs; vt;thW <oj;Jj; jkpo;; ,yf;fpa KoikAld; ,izfpd;wd vd;gJ fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. xt;Nthu; mj;jpahaj;jpDs;Sk; tplag; guprPyid gFf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kiwik mt;tj;Jiwapd; jdpj;Jtj;ij ntspf;nfhzUjy; Ntz;Lk;. cjhuzkhf “vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak;|| vd;Dk; jyg;gpy; fy;tpKiwfs;> fy;tpgapy; fsq;fs;> jpz;izg;gs;spf;$lq;fs;> ngz; fy;tp> epWtd uPjpagd Kaw;rpfs;> fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; vOj;jpyf;fpaKk;> gj;jpupiffs;> Nfhapw; gjpfq;fs;> ruk ftpfs;> ,yf;fz kuG> Guhzgldk; vd;gd vLj;J Muhag;gl;Ls;sd.
,t;thW tud;Kiwahd Gyik epiyg;gl;l Ma;tpd; nghOJ jhd; ekf;F njupahjit vj;jidNah cs;sd vd;gJ njupatUk;. mj;Jld; jftw; gJf;fy; vj;Jiz r%ftpNuhjkhd nray; vd;gJk; ,t;thwhd Muha;r;rpapid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghOJjhd; njupatUk;. jftiyg;ngWk; ,lk; gw;wpa tptuq;fis xspf;fhJ vLj;Jf;$Wk; Ma;T Neu;ik Muha;r;rpahsDf;F Ntz;Lk;. me;j Neu;ikaw;wtid Muha;r;rpahsd; vd;W $wNt $lhJ. Mdhy;> jftw;gJf;fw;fhuu; $Wk; jk; jftiyg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;shj gl;rj;jpy; Muha;r;rpahsdpd; ,Wjp KbGfs; jtwhditahf ,lKz;L vd;gijAk; czuy; Ntz;Lk;. ‘Nghl;Nlh]; uhw;| Afj;jpYk; Vl;Lr; Rtbf; fhyg; gfpu;nthJf;f kdg;ghd;ik $lhJ. jpU rptypq;fuh[h ,j;jifa ,lu;g;ghLfis vjpu;Nehf;fpaJ vdf;Fj; njupAk;. ngw;w jfty;fisg; ngUe;jd;ikAld; vLj;Jf; $whjtu;fshYk;> jftw; gJf;fw; fhuu;fspdhYk; <oj;jpd; ,yf;fpaj;Jiw Muha;r;rp Kaw;rpfs; gy Klq;fpAs;sd. cz;ikahd kPs;fz;L gpbg;Gfs; jhkjkhfpf; nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wd.
jpU rptypq;fuh[htpd; ,r;rpW E}y; ,j;Jiwapy; vkJ jkpo;j;Jiw topg;gLj;jpa Kjy; Kaw;rpfspy; xd;whFk;. ,J xU Koikahd Ma;T vd;W Kd;itf;fg;glTkpy;iy. Mdhy;> ,J vkJ ghuk;gupaq;fspd; Ma;Tf;fhd rhj;jpag; ghl;bid vLj;Jf;fhl;b epw;fpd;wJ. ,yf;fpaj;Jf;Fk; rKjhaj;Jf;FKs;s cwTfs;> njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpg; NgRtJ ,d;W ngUtof;fhfpAs;sJ. ,e;j Ma;T rKjhaj;jpDs;spUe;J ,yf;fpa Kfpo;f;Fk; tifapid (Literature in Society) gpz;lg; gpuhkhzkhd Xu; Ma;tpd; %yk; vLj;Jf; fhl;l Kidfpd;wJ. ,Jnt> ,jd; gykhFk;.
,J gytPdq;fsw;wJ vd;W $wtpy;iy. tlkuhl;rpapd; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; vd;gNj Muhag;lg;Ls;sjhy; <oj;jpd; etPd jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; <oj;J etPd jkpopyf;fpag; gz;GUthf;fj;jpy; tlkuhl;rp gw;wpa rpj;pupg;Gk;> tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j vOj;jhsu;fspd; (tlkuhl;rpr; R+oyhy; epu;zapf;fg;gl;l) Nehf;F KiwAk; vj;Jiz ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd vd;gJ Muhag;glhJ Ngha;tpl;lJ. ‘tlkuhl;rp| vd;gJ fUj;J epiyapy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l “kdepiy||Ak; Nehf;F KiwAk; Mfk;. Ma;Tf; fl;Liu ghuk;gupakhd aho;g;ghzj;J ,yf;fpa kuG vd vLj;Jf; $wg;gLk; kUGtl;lj;ijNa tiuaiwahff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
tplaj;ij vLj;Jf; $wpAs;s njspT fhuzkhfr; rptypq;fuh[h ghuhl;Lf;Fupatuhfpwhu;. ,r;rpW E}y; mtu; Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s Muha;r;rp tho;f;ifapd; Kjw; ngWNgNw. ,J jUk; Cf;fj;ijj; Jizahff; nfhz;L mtu; jk; Nehf;ifAk; Kaw;rpiaAk; Mo> mfyg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;Ntz;Lk;.
vkJ Jiwapd; r%fg; gad;ghL czug; gLtjw;fhd cjhuzkhf ,e;E}iyf; nfhs;tjpy; jtwpy;iy jtwpy;iy vdf; fUJfpNwd;. ,j;jifa jpUg;jpfs; jhd; vk;ik Cf;Ftpg;git. ,e;E}iy ntspapLtjw;F Ntz;ba Kaw;rpfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;s jpU. M. NjtuhrDf;F ed;wp.
XNfh............... ,J mbg;gilapy; xU tlkuhl;rp ‘tpisahl;Lj; jhNd| vd;Wk; $wg;gLk; vd;gJ NjtuhrDk; rptypq;fuh[hTk; ehDk; “tlkuhl;rpahq;fs;|| vd;gJ cz;ikNa. ,g;gbahfr; rpy “mfo;T Ma;Ts;|| gz;ZtJk; <oj;J ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaw;fSs; xd;W; Mdhy;> vOj;jpw; nghwpf;fg;glhjJ!
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<oj; jkpou; tuyhw;wpy; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; gy;NtW fhy fl;lq;fspy; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjp jdJ jdpj;Jtkhd Kj;jpiuiag; gjpj;jpUf;fpwJ. jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L <oj;Jf;Fupau; vd;w fUj;jpid gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahu; $wpapUf;fpwhu;. ,Nj fUj;jpid “gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;Lj;jkpo; ,yf;fpak;|| vd;w mupa Ma;T E}iyj; je;j kapiy rPdpNtq;flrhkp mtu;fSk; Vw;W typAj;jp ,Uf;fpwhu;.
jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;W tsu;r;rpf;F <ok; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; mspj;j gq;fspg;G xU nghw;fhyj;ij> jpUg;G Kidia Vw;gLj;jpaNjhL mikahJ. <oj; jkpo; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;Jf;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; fhy;Nfhs; nfhz;Ls;s tuyhw;W cz;ikAk; kdq;nfhs;sj; jf;fJ. ,e;jg; gq;fspg;gpy; tlkuhl;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gf;fzprkhdJ.
,yf;fpak;> ehlfk;> kUj;Jtk;> fy;tp Kjyhd gy;NtW Jiwfspy; tlkuhl;rpf;Fj; jdpg; ghuk;gupak; cz;L. xU nkhopapd; tsu;r;rpf;F msTNfhyhf tpsq;FtJ mfuhjpj;Jiw tsu;r;rpahFk;. jkpopy; vOe;j mfuhjpfSs; %d;iw tlkuhl;rpapNa (Nkiyg;GNyhyp eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;is> GNyhyp rp.Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs;> cLg;gpl;b citkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is MfpNahu;) je;Js;sik episTnfhs;sj; jf;fJ. kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpd; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjp citkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is mtu;fspd; mfuhjpapy; ,Ue;J tsu;r;rp ngw;wNjahFk;. ehlfj;Jiwapy; GNyhypapy; mWgJghiff; fpzw;iw mz;kpj;;j fiuae;Njhl;lf; fpuhkj;jpy; trpj;j mz;zhtp jhku; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l MWKfk; jhNkhjuk;gps;is mtu;fspd; ghuk;gupaKk; ePq;fhj epidtpYs;sit. mz;zhtp jhku; ghuk;gupak; ,d;W mUfptpl;l NghjpYk; khjidf; fpuhkj;Jg; ghuk;gupak; njhlu;e;J tsu;fpwJ.
,itjtpu> fhtb Ml;lk;> fuf Ml;lk;> fpuhkpag; ghly;fs; Kf;fpakhf kPdt kf;fs; fpuhkag; ghly;fs; Nghd;w JiwfspYk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fj; jdp ,lKz;L. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bYk;> mjw;F Kd;Gk;> ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapYk; <oj;jkpou; nghUsdhjhu tsu;r;rpapy; ty;ntl;bj;Jiw (ty;yp - gl;b - Jiw). JiwKfKk;> rpwg;ghfg; gUj;jpj;Jiwj; JiwKfk; mspj;j gq;fspg;G kwf;f Kbahjit.
xU Jiwapy; nghJ Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; NghJ> gpuNjrg; gq;fspg;Gfs; KOikahfg; gjpthtjpy;iy. ,t;tifapy; jkpo; ehl;bYk;> ,yq;ifapy; rpq;fs kf;fs; gFjpapYk; gpuNjr Ma;Tfs; tsu;e;Js;s msTf;F ,yq;ifj; jkpo; kf;fs; gFjpfspy; gpuNjr Ma;T tsu;r;rp ngwtpy;iy. Ma;tpd; %yk; mg;gFjpapd; gq;fspg;Gfis Koikahf gjpTnra;J nfhs;tJld;> me;jg;gFjpapd; gq;fspg;GfisAk;> ghuk;gupq;fisAk; ntspf;nfhzu;tjd; %yk; mit mUfptplhJ njhlu;tjw;F Gj;jhu;tk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tifapNy gpuNjr Ma;T Kf;fpaj;Jtgk; ngWfpwJ.
,e;j tifapy; jpU. v];. rptypq;fuh[h mtu;fs; “tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk;|| vd;w gpuNjr Ma;it Kd;itj;Js;shu;. mtu; aho; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo; tpupTiuahsu; – jd; Ma;Tfs; %yk; jkpo; $W ey;YyFf;F mwpKfkhdtu;; tsu;e;JtUk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd Ma;thsu;. mtuu; ,e;j Ma;T KbTfis ehYUtpy; ntspapLtjpy; ehk; epiwT fhz;fpNwhk;. ,e;j Ma;T> E}YUg; ngW Kd;dNu> KJfiy khzpg; gl;lj;Jf;F Ma;T nra;Nthu; cl;glg; gy;NtW Ma;T nra;NthUf;F Jizahfp Cd;W Nfhyhf mike;Js;sJ vd;gJ Ma;Tyfk; mwpe;j cz;ik. vdNt ,e;E}y; gy;fiiyf;fof GFKf khztu; Kjy; gy;NtW Jiw Ma;thsu;fSf;Fk; MtyUf;Fk; gad;gLk; ife;E}yhf mikAk; vd;gjpy; vkf;F ek;gpf;if cz;L.
,e;E}iy ntspapLtjw;F gze; Njitnad;W ehk; Nfl;lNghJ> ngupJtf;fj; jd;id <d;w md;idapd; ngauhy; ,e;E}iy ntspapl kdKte;J gzk; je;j. jkpo;g; gz;ghl;L Mtydha; fyh ,urpfdha; ,Ue;J> ,d;W jkpo;g; Gutydha;j; jpfo;fpd;w md;gu; fuit Nt. ghyRg;gpukzpak; mtu;fSf;F vq;fs; ePq;fhj ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpNwhk;.
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,e;E}Yf;fhd gjpg;Giuia ehd; vOjp Vwj;jho Xu; Mz;L KbTWfpwJ. mr;R Ntiyfs; njhlq;f Kd;djhf fle;J [{iy td;nray;fSk; mtw;wpd; njhlu;fijfSk; fd;ndQ;irAk; cUf itf;Fk; jd;ikadthf mike;Js;sd. ,f;fhy ,ilg;ghl;by; ,e;E}iy mr;Nrw;w KbahJNgha;tpl;ljw;F tUe;JfpNwhk;. ,g;NghJ cq;fs;Kd; ,e;E}y; itf;fg;gLfpwJ.
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ehd; ,Wjp Mz;L khztdhf ,Ue;j NghJ vdf;Fupa Ma;Tf;fl;Liuapd; jiyg;igj; njupT nra;Ak;gb Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp gzpj;jhu;. <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW rhu;e;j xU tplaj;ij vdJ Ma;Tj;Jiwahff; nfhs;s MtYilNad; v;d;gij mtuplk; njuptpj;Njd;. mtNu ,t;tha;tpd; jiyg;igj; je;jhu;.
<oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW KOikahf Muhag;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ijAk;> mk;KOikahd Ma;Tf;Fg; gpuNjruPjpahd rpw;wpd Ma;T mj;jpahtrpakhdJ vd;gijAk; Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp typAWj;jp vd;id MrPu;tjpj;jhu;.
gl;lg;gbg;G khztndhUtdpd; guPl;irj; Njitapd; xU gFjpahd ,t;tha;Tf;fl;Liu ,d;W rpW E}yhf ntsptUfpd;wJ. mDgtk;> Kjpu;r;rp vd;git mjpfupf;f ,r;rpWfl;Liu xU E}yhf tpupayhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk; <oj;J ,yf;fpatuyhw;wpy; fzprkhd ,lj;ij tfpg;gij ,t;tha;tpd;NghJ fhzKbe;jJ.
<oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW Koikahf Muhag;gLk; nghOJ mjd; Xu; mj;jpahak; tlkuhl;rpiar; rhu;e;jjhf mikAk; vd;W ek;GfpNwd;.
Kw;W KOjhd> G+uzkhd Ma;ntd;W ,jidf; nfhs;s KbahJ. ,J gl;lg;gbg;G khztndhUtdpd; guPl;irj;Njitapd; xUgFjp vd;gij Ma;thsu;fs; kdq;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. G+uzkhd Ma;it Nehf;fpa gazj;jpd; Muk;gnkd;Nw ,r;rpW E}iyf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.
,d;W <oj;Jj; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhW gw;wp Muha;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW jilfs; cs;sd. <oehl;bd; jkpowpQu;fspd;> Mf;fq;fisg; gzpfisg;gw;wpa tpguq;fis mtu;fspd; jiyKiwapy; te;jtu;fsplNkh> ,uj;j cwtpduplNkh ngwKbahjpUf;fpwJ.
ekJ ghuk;gupaj;jpd; gyj;ij epWtf;$ba rhd;Wfisg; Ngzpg;ghJfhf;Fk; \\tuyhw;Wg; Ngz; Kiwia|| ehk; ,d;Dk; G+uzkhff; iff;nfhs;stpy;iynad;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ehd; el;rj;jpuf;fzpg;G KiwAk;> rka> r%fr; rlq;fhrhuq;fSk;> gy jokpowpQu;fspd; [ddkuzf; fzpg;Gf;fisNa ghjpj;Js;sJ. ,j;jifa R+oypy; ,ad;wtiu Kad;W jfty;fisg; ngw;wpUf;fpNwd;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Gfo;G+j;j jkpowpQu; gyiug;gw;wpa tpguq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhf mtu;fspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fSf;F> cwtpdu;fSf;Ff; fbjq;fs; vOjpNdd;. gyuplkpUe;J gjpNy fpilf;ftpy;iynad;gij kdtUj;jj;Jld; Fwpg;gpl;Nlahf Ntz;Lk;. rpyu; Mh;tj;Jld;> G+uzkhdJ vdf; fUjKbahtpbDk; jkf;Fj; njupe;jtplaq;fis vOjp mDg;gpdH. mtw;Ws; Njitahdtw;iw ,e;E}ypw; Nru;j;jpUf;fpNwd;.
tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j mwpQu; gyiu ehd; Neupw;fz;L crhtpa nghOJ> ,Jtiu ntsptuhj gyjfty;fis mtu;f;s je;Jjtpdu;. Fwpg;ghf> fyhepjp F. rptg;gpufhrk;> (GNyhyp) tPurpq;fk; Mrpupau; (Jk;gis) Vfuk;g%u;j;jp Mrpupau; (gUj;jpj;Jiw) gz;bju; rq;futapj;jpaypq;fd; (ty;ntl;bj;Jiw) M. jh. Rg;gpukzpak; Mrpupau; (Jd;dhiy) gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp (funtl;b) tpj;Jthd; Rg;gpukzpak; (GNyhyp) ePyfz;ld; Mrpupau; (cLg;gpl;b) jpUkjp kNdd;kzp rz;Kfjh]; (Jk;gis) Kjypahiur; Rl;bf; fhl;lhk;. ,tu;fSf;nfy;yhk; vd; ,jaG+u;tkhd ed;wpfs;.
gy;NtW NtiyfSf;F kj;jpapYk;> vd;kPJs;s md;gpdhYk;> tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYKs;s gw;wpdhYk; mofhd tho;j;Jiuia cldbahfNt vOjpAjtpa JizNte;ju; Nguhrpupau; R. tpj;jpahde;jd; mtu;fSf;Fk;> E}iyg;gbj;Jg;ghu;j;J> mzpe;Jiu toq;fpa jkpo;j; Jiwj;jiytu; Nguhrpupau; M. NtYg;gps;isatu;fSf;Fk; vd;Wk; vd;ed;wpfs; ,Uf;Fk;.
NjitahdNghJ Njitahd cjtpfisf; ‘fhyNeuk;| ghuhJ ngUkdJld; nra;j Nguhrpupau; m. rz;Kfjh]; mtu;fSf;F vd;Wk; vd;ed;wpfs; cupaJ.
,e;E}yhf;fj;jpd;NghJ gyu; cjtpGupe;jdu;. gjpg;Gj;Jiwapy; mDgtk;kpf;ftuhd kapyq;$lY}u; gp. eluhrd; mtf;F thu;j;ijfshy; ed;wp $WtJ fbdk;. mtu; md;Gf;Fk;> el;Gf;Fk;> ed;wpf;FKupatu;. ty;ypGuf;Nfhtpy; kzy;Nkl;bidj; jd; ‘fkuhTf;Fs;| rpiwg;gpbj;J> mofhd ml;ilg; glkhf;f vjtpa fyhepjp ngh. ,uFgjpf;Fk;> tlkuhl;rpapd; tiu glj;ij tiue;Jjtpa> Gtpapaw;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j nry;tp e. NjtuQ;rpjj;jpw;Fk;> ‘GW}t;| ghu;g;gNjhL khj;jpukd;wp thf;fpa mikg;Gf;fspYk; jpUj;jk;Ntz;ba tplj;Jr; Rl;bf;fhl;bj; jpUj;j cjtpa Mrpupau; f. fdfrpq;fj;jpq;Fk; vd;Wk; vdJ ,jaG+u;tkhd ed;wpfs;.
gy;NtW neUf;fbfSf;F kj;jpapYk; E}y; tpiutpy; ntsptuNtz;Lk; vd;w Mhtj;Jld; mauhJioj;j Rd;dhfk; jpUkfs; mOj;jf cupikahsu;> Copau;fs; midtUf;Fk; ed;wpAilNad;.
vd;id vOJk;gb Cf;Ftpj;Jk;> vOjpaij thrpj;J tpku;rpj;Jk;> vd;id cUthf;Fk; kidtp ru];tjpf;Fk; ed;wpfs;.
vdJ Ma;Tf; fl;Liuiaf; fUj;juq;fpy; Nfl;l ehs;KjyhfNt ,jid E}YUtpw; nfhz;LtuNtz;Lnkd;W mtuhJioj;j tlkuhl;rp fy;tp tl;lr; nrayu; M. NjruhrDf;Fk;> ,g;gjpg;Gf;fhd Kor; nryitAk; ifNaw;w fuit Nt. ghyRg;gpukzpaj;jpw;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; vd;Wk; cupj;jhFf.
,t;thuha;r;rpf;fhd jiyg;igj;je;J> vd;id newpg;gLj;jp> ,f;fl;Liu rpwg;ghf mikaNtz;Lnkd;gjpy; fz;Zq; fUj;Jkhf ,Ue;jJ khj;jpukd;wpf; fdjpahd Kd;DiuiaAk; vOjpj;je;j Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp mtu;fSf;F vd;Wk; ed;wpAilNad;.
,t;thuha;r;rpia ehd; nra;Ak;nghOJ mbf;fb “QhNdhgNjrk; nra;Jk;> mupa E}y;fisg; ngUkdJld; je;Jk; Cf;fkspj;j vd; Nguhrhd; Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjpia ePu;ky;Fk; fz;fSld; epidT $WfpNwd;.
mwpKfk;
mikg;Gk; mZFKiwAk;
tlkuhrl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKk; vd;w ,r;rpWE}y; ehd;F ,ay;fisf; nfhz;lJ. xU ehl;bd;> my;yJ gpuNjrj;jpd; tho;T jho;Tfisj; jPu;khdpg;gJ r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzpNa MFk;. vdNt ,e;E}ypd; KjyhtJ ,ayhf tlkuhl;rpapd; r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp kpfr; RUf;fkhf Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;tpaypy; Gtpapay;> tuyhW> r%fk;> nghUspay;> nkhopepiy vd;w mk;rq;fs; “rpf;fdkhf|| ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpw;Fk; mbmj;jpthukhf tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupaNk mikfpwJ. vdNt ,t;tha;tpd; ,uz;lhtJ ,ayhf tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupak; Nehf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; ehl;Lg;ghly;fs;> $j;JkuG> rpWnja;t topghLfs; vd;w mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; vd;w %d;whtJ ,ay; ,e;E}ypd; Kf;fpakhd ,ayhf mikfpwJ vdyhk;. ,t;tpaypy; fy;tp Kiwfs;> fy;tp gapy;fsq;fs;> fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk;> vOj;jpyf;fpaq;fSk;> gj;jpupiffs;> ,yf;fzKaw;rpfs;> mfuhjpfs;> GuhzgldkuG vd;Dk; mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpatsj;jpidAk; Koikahf mwpa ,g;gFjp Vida gFjpfSld; nfhz;bUe;j fy;tp rk;ge;jkhd njhlu;Gfisr; Ruf;fkhfNtDk; mwptJ mtrpakhFk;. vdNt ,e;E}ypd; ehd;fhtJ ,ayhf tlkuhl;rpAk; gpwgFjpfSk; vd;w ,ay; mikfpwJ. ,t;tpaypy; tlkuhl;rpAk; Flhehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSk;> tlkuhl;rpAk; kl;lf;fsg;Gk;> tlkuhl;rpAk; njd;dpe;jpahTk; vd;Dk; mk;rq;fs; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd.
,Wjpahf ,f;fl;Liuapd; \\ghyk;|| fUjp mDge;jk; xd;W Nru;j;jpUf;fpNwd;. tlkuhl;rpapd; mwpQu;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhdtu;fs; gw;wp kpfr; RUf;fkhf ,t;tDge;jj;jpw; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;tha;Tf;fl;Liu ,t;tbg;gilapNyNa mike;Js;sJ. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;NghL r%ftpaw; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;f Kad;wpUf;fpNwd;.
<oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhW ,d;Dk; KOikahf Muhag;gltpy;iynad;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fk; <oj;J ,yf;fpa tuyhw;iw KOikahf mwptjw;F xU rpwpjsthtJ cjtNtz;Lnkd;gNj. xU ehl;bd; ,yf;fpa tuyhW G+uzj;Jtk; ngwNtz;Lnkdpd; khtl;l uPjpahd> gpuNjrthupahd rpw;wpd Ma;T Ez;ikahf epfo;j;jg;glNtz;Lk;. fy;tpAk; ,yf;fpaKk; fhyj;jpd; Fuy;fshFk;. fhyj;Njitianahl;bNa ,t;tha;T epfo;fpd;wJ.
<oj;Jj; jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; kl;Lk; Njq;fpepw;fpwJ vd;W nfhs;sKbahJ. Flhehl;bw;F ntspNa td;dp> kd;dhu;> kl;lf;fsg;G> kiyehL> njd;gFjpfs; vd;gtw;iwAk;> <oj;Jf;F mg;ghy; njd;dhl;ilAk; cs;slf;fpNa fhzg;gLfpwJ vdyhk;.
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;il itj;J Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l Muk;g fhy <oj;J ,yf;fpa> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaq;fs;$l KOikahff FlhehL KOikiaAk; Mokhf Nehf;ftpy;iynad;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ,e;j ,lj;jpNyjhd; gpuNjr uPjpahd rpw;wpd Ma;tpd; Njit Kd;ndOfpd;wJ. gpuNjrk;> gpuNjrkhff; fy;tp> ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaq;fs; Muhag;gl;lhy; gpd;G njhFj;J Nehf;Fk;nghOJ Koikahd xU tuyhw;iwf; fhz;gJ ,yFthFk; vd ek;gyhk;.
Flhehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYk; rpwpJk; ngupJkhf fy;tpg; guk;gYk;> ,yf;fpa Kaw;rpfSk; eilngw;Ws;sd. INuhg;gpau; fhyj;Jf;F Ke;jpa fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk;> ,yf;fpatsj;jpw;Fkhd MjhuG+u;tkhd juTfs; kpfr; nrhw;gkhfNt fpilj;Js;sd. nrtptopr; nra;jpfNs fy;tpg; ghuk;gupajjpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; mwpa cjTfpd;wd.
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapy; ePz;lNjhu; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaKkp> ,yf;fpa tsKk; epytpte;Js;sikiaAk> ,tw;wpd; mwhj; njhlu;r;rpahd vr;rnrhr;rq;fis ,d;W tiuAk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpapy; epytpa fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; r%ftpay; Nehf;fpy; Ma;tNj vdJ Nehf;fkhFk;. ntWkNd gl;bay;Nghl;Lf; fhl;lhJ fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpwFk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpwFkpilNa cs;s r%f cwtpidAk; ,g;ghuk;gupaj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; gq;fspg;gpidAk; gpd;dzpf; fhuzpfisAk; Muha Kw;gl;bUf;fpNwd;. fy;tp> epWtd uPjpahf ,af;fj; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd; vt;thW tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; epytp te;jJ vd;gJk;> epWtd uPjpahd fy;tpj; njhlu;GfSf;Fk; Kd;ida fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;FkpilapNygl;l cwTk; khWjyfSk; ,f;fl;Liuapy; Muhag;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. fy;tpf;Fk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; MjhukhAs;s r%f epiyg;ghLgw;wpNa mjpf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;bAs;sJ. xU gpuNjrjjpd; fy;tpAk; ,yf;fpaKk; me;jg; gpuNjrj;ij cyfshtpa GfOf;F cau;j;Jk; vd;w cz;ikiaAk; ehk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. mwptpaYk;> mofpaYk; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;NjhL nfhz;bUe;j cwtpidAk; ,t;tha;tpd;NghJ fhzf;$baJu;F ,Ue;jJ.
,t;tha;T xU KOikahd Ma;thf mikahtpl;lhYk; xU gpuNjrj;jpd; fy;tp> ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;ij mwpa – mZf cjtpahf ,Uf;Fnkd;W ek;GfpNwd;.
nghUslf;fk;
gf;fk;
mikg;Gk; mZF KiwAk;
,ay; xd;W 1-9
1. r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
1 . 1 Gtpapay;
1 . 2 tuyhW
1 . 3 r%fk;
1 . 4 nghUspay;
1 . 5 rpy gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;
1 . 6 nkhopepiy
,ay; ,uz;L 10-19
2. tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupak;
2 . 1 ehl;Lg;ghly;fs;
2 . 2 $j;J kuG
2 . 3 rpWnja;t topghl;L kuG
,ay; %d;W 20-50
3. vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak;
3 . 1 fy;tp Kiwfs;
3 . 2 fy;tp gapy; fsq;fs;
3 . 3 fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;
3 . 4 fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; vOj;jpyf;fpa kuGk;
(m) Nfhapw; gjpfq;fs;
(M) rukftpfs;
(,) gj;jpupiffs;
(<) ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfs;
(c) mfuhkp Kaw;rpfs;
(C) Guhzgld kuG
,ay; ehd;F 51-58
1. tlkuhl;rpAk; gpwgFjpfSk;
4 . 1 tlkuhl;rpAk; Flhehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSk;
4 . 2 tlkuhl;rpAk; kl;lf;fsg;Gk;
4 . 3 tlkuhl;rp jkpo;ehL fy;tpj; njhlu;Gfs;
mDge;jk; 59-72
nghUs; ml;ltiz 73-80
(m) ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngWNthu;
(M) ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngWk; tlkuhl;rpapy; vOe;j E}y;fs;
crhj;Jiz 81-82
,ay; xd;W
r%f tuyhw;Wg; gpd;dzp
1 . 1. Gtpapay;
<oj;jpd; tlgFjpahd aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;nd; tlfpof;Fg; gFjpahf tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ (glk; 1). ,g;gpuNjrk; tlkuhl;rp njw;F> Nkw;F cjtp murhq;f ,jpgu; gpupT> tlkuhl;rp fpof;F> tlf;F cjtp murhq;f mjpgu; gpupT vd ,uz;L epu;thfg; gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fg;lg;Ls;sJ. epyg;gug;gtpYk; rdj;njhifapYk; Flhehl;bd; Kf;fpa gFjpfspy; xd;whf tlkuhl;rpg; gFjp mike;jpUf;fpwJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw Nghd;w gpurpj;jpngw;w JiwKfg; gl;bdq;fisAk;> fw;Nfhtsk;> mk;gd;> Flj;jid> ehfu;Nfhapy; Nghd;w njhd;ik tha;e;j fly;rhu; fpuhkq;fisAk;> Jk;gis> GNyhyp> my;tha;> tjpup> funtl;b> fuiztha;> Jd;dhiy> cLg;gpl;b> ty;ntl;b> njhz;lkdhW Nghd;w ghuk;gupag; gFjpfisAk;> ney;ypab Nghd;w tsu;e;JtUk; gl;bdq;fisAk; nfhz;ljhf tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; Muha;tjw;F Kd;> tlkuhl;rpapd; Gtpapay;> tuyhW> r%fg; nghUshjhu epiyg;ghL> nkhopepiy Mfpa mk;rq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; RUf;fkhf Muha;jy; ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Gtpapay; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;JlDk; ,yf;fpa tsj;JlDk; kpfTk; ,Wf;fkhd njhlu;GilajhFk;. jkpo; ehl;bw;F kpf mz;ikapYs;s gFjpahf tlkuhl;rp mike;jpUg;gjhy; njd;dpe;jpag; ghjpg;G kw;iwa ,lq;fis tplr; rw;W mjpfjhfNt ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. gz;ilf; fhyj; jkpo;ehl;bd; tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk;nghOJ ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupaj;Jf;Fk; GtpapaYf;Fk; cs;s cwtpid ed;F mwpayhk;. Rg;ghuht; $wpa “ftu;r;rp ikaj; jsq;fs;|| vd;w tiff;Fs; tlkuhl;rpapd; gy gFjpfs; mlq;Fjy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw Nghd;w ,lq;fs; ,f;ftu;r;rp ikaj;jsq;fspy; Kf;fpakhdit vdyhk;. INuhg;gpa tUifianahl;bAk; mjw;F Ke;jpa fyg;gFjpfspYk; ,t;tplq;fs; kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wpUe;jd vd;gJk; tuyhw;Wz;ikahFk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Gtpapay; mikg;gpy; ty;iyntsp xU “rpW ghiy|| Nghy; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. etPd Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; Vw;gLtjw;F Kd; ty;iyntspahw; gpuahzQ; nra;tJ kpfTk; fbdkhdjhf ,Ue;jJ. kw;iwa gFjpfistpl tlkuhl;rpf;F xU jdpj;jd;ik cUthFtjw;F ,g; “ghiyntsp||apd; mikg;Gk; xU fhuzkhf mikayhk; vd vz;z ,lKz;L.
fly; rhu;e;j gFjpfistpl tlkuhl;rpapd; kw;iwa gFjpfspy; epytsk;> ePu;tsk; vd;gd khWgl;Lk; NtWglLk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,k;khWghl;bw;F ,iaTglNt ,g;gpuNjr kf;fspd; njhopy;fSk; jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;nUf;fpd;wd. ney;> Njhl;lg;gapu;r; nra;iff;Fupa gFjpfs; gutyhf ,g;gFjpapy; mike;Js;sd. kPd;gpb> cg;G tpistpj;jy; Nghd;w njhopy;fSk; Gtpapay; rhu;e;j nghUshjhu mk;rkhfNt mikfpd;wd. Nrhou; fhyj;jpy; ,g;gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J czTg; nghUl;fisAk; cg;gpidAk; Vw;wpr; nry;tjw;fhfNt njhz;lkhdhW ntl;lg;gl;lJ vd;w xU IjPfKk; cz;L. ,j;njhz;lkhdhw;wpd; njhlu;r;rp tlkuhl;rpia ClWj;J Vwj;jho mjd; me;jk;giu nry;fpd;wJ. ,ay;ghf mike;j guitf;flYld; ,ize;J ts;sk; nrd;W tuf;$bajhf ,J mike;jpUe;jjhk;. ,g;NghJk; ,g;gFjpfspy; Nfhil fhyj;jpy; cg;G ,aw;ifahfNt tpisfpd;wJ. khupfhyj;jpy; ,g;guitf; flypy; ctu; kPd;gpbj; njhopy;fs; eilngWtJz;L. ,g;guit flypd; ,U kUq;Fk; fs;sp> jhio> <Q;R Nghd;w gw;iwfSk; njhlu;e;J “fz;ly;|| fhL vd miof;fg;g;Lk; rpW rpW gw;iwf; fhLfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; tpwFj; NjitiaAk; Ntyp milf;Fk; “mykgy;||fisAk; ,f;fhLfNs <Lnra;fpd;wd vdyhk;.
,f;fhLfspy; Gyp> khd vd;gitfSk; trpj;jjhf mwpaf;fplf;fpd;wJ. xy;yhe;j Njrhjpgjpf;F tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapypUe;J gj;J khd; Njhy;fs; mDg;gg;gl;likAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ntspte;j “cjajhuif|g; gj;jpupifapy; ,g;gFjpapy; Gypfs; cytpajhfTk; nra;jpfs; ntspte;Js;sd. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; Gtpapay; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fNj.
,g;gFjpapy; nrk;kz;> eiukz;> ,Uthl;b (Gojp) Nghd;w kz;tiffNs gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kz;zpd; tsKk> tskpd;ikAK; kf;fspd; kdijAk;> njhopiyAk ghjpj;Js;sik mtjhdpf;ff;$baJ.
1 . 2 tuyhW
tlkuhl;rpapd; tuyhW kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhfTk; gpur;rpidf; FupajhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fp.K. njhlf;fk; ,g;gFjp rpwe;J tpsq;fpaikfFk; ,uhrjhdpahf ,Ue;jikf;FKupa rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. Mdhy; tlkuhl;rp vd;w ngau; te;j tuyhW gw;wpg; gy;NtW fijfs; cz;L. tl kwtu; Ml;rp tlkuhl;rp MfpaJ vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wdu;. <oj;jpd; tlgFjpahfpa njd;dpe;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J te;j kwtu;fs; Ml;rp nra;j ,lnkd;W ,jw;F tpsf;fKq; $Wtu;. rhtfr;Nrupf;F mz;ikapYs;s kwtd;GyT vd;w ,lg; ngaiuAk; ,jw;Fg; gf;fj;Jizahfr; Rl;Ltu;. Mdhy; ,f;$w;W tuyhw;whjhuq;fSld; epWtg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy.
“flapk; nghj|| vd;w rpq;fs vy;iyg; Gj;jfj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s kuhl;rpul;l vd;gJ
jw;fhyj;jpy; njd;kuhl;rp> tlkuhl;rp (khuhr;rp> kuhr;rp> kuhl;rp) vd;w ,U gpupTfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ||2
kuhr;rpul;l vd;gjd; jpupGk; tsu;r;rpAk; kuhr;rp vd khWgl;L mit gpd; tlnjd;gFjpfisf; Fwpj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;Jk; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
18Mk; E}w;whz;by; vOe;j ifyhakhiyapy; tlkuhl;rp vd;w ngau; ,lk; ngwikAk; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. jkpo;f; FbNaw;wk; gw;wpf; $Wk; ifyhakhiyapy; GNyhyp vd;w ,lg;ngaNu Rl;lg;gLfpwJ. 3 tlkuhl;rpapy; Gytu;fSk; fy;tp tsKk; fhzg;gl;l gFjpfspy; GNyhyp tpje;Jiuf;ff;$baJ. tlkuhl;rpapy; tuyhw;NwhL njhlu;Gilajhff; $wg;gLk; rpq;ifefu;> Gl;lis> ,ikahzd;> rkughFNjtd; Fwpr;rp> MidtpOe;jhd;> Midg;ge;jp Nghd;w ,lg;ngau;fs; ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
tlkuhl;rpapd; tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ty;ypGuf; Nfhapiu mLj;j gFjpfNshL kpf neUf;fjhff; fhzg;gLtJ Nehf;fw;ghyJ. Kjypahu; Fy. rghehjd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.
gUj;jpj;Jiwfzpj;jha; kzy; NkLfs; nghUe;jp apUf;fpd;w ty;ypGuNk G+u;tfhyr; rpq;if efuhFk; vd;gJ Kjypahu; ,uhrehafk; nfhz;l KbghFk;. ty;ypGuk; kzy; Fk;gpfSs; fhw;wbf;Fk; fhyq;fspy; my;yJ kio nga;Jtpl;lgpd; mNef gok; nghUl;fs; mfg;gLfpd;wd. mq;Nf gytplq;fspy; G+u;tfhyf; fyNthLfs;> fPr;Rf;fpl;lk;> mq;fpUe;J fiukhu;f;fkhfr; nrd;w ngupa tPjpapy; milahsq;fs; Kjypa ty;ypGuk; gz;nlhUehs; rpwe;j jiy efuha; tpsq;fpanjd ep\&gpf;fpd;wd. ,f;nfhs;ifiaNa ey;Y}u; Rthkp Qhdg;gpufhrk; Mjupj;J vOjpAs;shu;. 4
tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ePz;lNjhu; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; Njhd;WtJ rhj;jpaNk. fp.gp. 1344 ,y; <oj;Jf;F te;j ,Gd; gj;J} jhtpd; $w;Wg;gb Mupar; rf;futu;j;jpapd; jiyefuk; “Gj;jy|| vd;gjhFk;. ,g;Gj;jyitg; gyu; Gj;jsk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLtu;. Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is mg;Gj;jy vd;Dk; ,lk; ,g;Ngh Gl;lis vd toq;Fk; ,lnkdf; fUJtu;.
Gj;jy vd;gJ Gj;jskhf ,Uf;fKbahJ. “rpq;if efu;|| vdf; $wg;gLk; ty;ypGuf;Fwpr;rpf;F mzpj;jhAs;s Gl;lis vd ,g;NghJ toq;Fk; fpuhkNk ,g;Gj;jyth ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. NkYk; ,t;tur guk;giuapdiur; rpw;ifahupar; rf;futu;j;jpfs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;ghd;> Gl;lis rpq;ifapd; xU gFjp. rpq;ifnad;Dk; gFjp fp.gp. 3Mk; E}w;whz;lstpy; fPu;j;jptha;e;j ,lkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;Fr; rhd;W ty;ypGuj;jpy; fz;nlLf;fg;gl;l nghd;Ndl;Lr; rhrdk;. md;wpAk; mq;F gy fl;blq;fSk;> Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fSk; mope;njhope;J kz;zhy; %lg;gl;bUg;gij mq;F nry;Nthu; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. mj;Jld; ,jd; mUNf xU ngUe;JiwAk; cs;sJ. mq;fpUe;J fg;gy;fs; mf;fhyj;jpy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; nra;jd ,g;nghOJk; mj;Jiwiaf; fg;gw;Wiw vd miog;gu;. 5
,t;thW tuyhw;Wg; goikAk; Kf;fpaj;JtKk; cila xU gpuNjrj;jpy; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; epd;W epiyf;fTk; ,yf;fpak; tsk;ngw;W tsuTk; tha;g;Gz;nld;W fUjKbAk;.
tlkuhl;rp vd;w gpupTk;> nrhw;gpuNahfKk; aho;g;ghz kd;du; fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;jikf;fhd ehd;Wfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;> aho;g;ghz kd;du;fspd; epu;thfg; gpupTfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa gwq;fpau; aho;g;ghzj;ij epu;tfpj;jdu; vdTk; mwpaf;fplf;fpd;wJ.
gwq;fpau; jkpourupd; guk;giuahd Kiwfisg; ngUk; ghYk; khw;whJ iff;nfhz;ldu;. murhl;rp tpraj;jpy; aho;g;ghz ehL Kd;NghyNt typfhkk;> njd;kuhl;rp> tlkuhl;rp> gr;rpiyg;gs;sp vd;Dk; ehd;F gpupTfis cilajha; ,Ue;jJ.|| 6
vd;w Fwpg;gpd;gbAk; 1658Mk; Mz;lstpy; Nghy;bay; ghjpupjhd; aho;g;ghzj;jpw; fz;l fpwp];jt Njthyaq;fisg; gw;wpa Fwpg;gpy; tlkuhl;rpapy; rl;lNtyp> cLg;gpl;b> gUj;jpj;Jiw Mfpa ,lq;fspy; %d;W Njthyaq;fs; ,Ue;jnjdf; Fwpg;gpl;L;sshu;. 7 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifiaf; ifg;gw;W Kd;Ng ,t;thl;rpg; gpupT ,Ue;jpUf;ff;$Lnkd vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; xy;yhe;j muir Ig;grp khjk; 31Mk; jpfjp tiue;j fl;lisapNy gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;L ,Ug;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpg; gpupTf;Ff; fdfuhau; ,g;gw;Wf; fk;gsp Kjypahu; nlhd;khDNty; Nrdul;d KjypahUk; ,iwRtNjUk;. “jpwntw; nte;J}d khg;ghz|| - fpshf;F. 8
,tw;wpypUe;J aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; tlkuhl;rp vd;w epu;thfg; gpupT gy;yhz;Lfspd; Kd;Ng tFf;fg;gl;lnjd;W mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; ntspthd gj;jpupiffspy; tlkuhl;rp tlkpwhl;rp vd;Nw Fwpf;fg;gl;bUg;gJk; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ. murhl;rpAk; muritr; R+oYk; ,g;gFjpapd; Muk;gf;fhyf; fy;tp kuGf;F “mbaj;jpthukhf|| mike;jpUf;fyhNkh vd vz;zj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
1 . 3 r%fk;
tlkuhl;rpapd; r%f mikg;gpid Nehf;Fk;nghOJ mq;Nf gy;NtW tifahd rhjpg;gpupTfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; xNu,d kf;fNs (jkpou;) ,q;F epue;jukhf trpf;fpd;wdu;. gy;yhz;Lfshf ,r;rhjpg; gpupTfs ,q;F epytp tUtjhfj; njupfpd;wJ. fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk; ,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpw;Fk; ,r;rhjpg; gpuTfSf;Fk; kpf neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gz;L. Muk;g fhyf; fy;tp kuG rhjpabg;gilapNyNa epytp te;Js;sJ.
nghUshjhu epiyg;ghl;bw;Fk;> epyTilikf;Fk;> rhjpg;gpupTfSf;FKs;s ,Wf;fkhd njhlu;G> r%f me;j];ijAk; fy;tpiaAk; ntFthfg; ghjpj;Js;sJ. tlkuhl;rpia ,jw;F tifkhjpupahd cjhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;. mLj;JtUk; mj;jpahaq;fspy; ,g;gFg;G tpupthf Muhag;glTs;sJ.
1 . 4 nghUspay;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; nghUspaw; Nghf;fpid Nehf;Fk; nghOJ ehk; VyNt Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy; tptrhak;> tzpfk;> kPd;gpb> ifj;njhopy;fs; vd;gdNt Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. Inuhg;gpau; tUifAk;> Mq;fpyf; fy;tpAk; ,g;nghUspaw; ghq;fpidr; rpwpJ rpwpjhfj; jfu;e;Js;sikAk; kdk;nfhs;sj; jf;fJ.
tptrhak;> flw;nwhopy;> ifj;njhopy; Mfpatw;wpD}L epytp te;j tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj;jpd; tsj;jpidAk;> mwhj;njhlu;r;rpiaAk; ,d;Wk; tlkuhlrpg; gFjpapNy rpwg;ghff; fhzyhk;. ,d;W ngUk;ghd;ikNahu; murhq;f cj;jpNahfq;fis tfpj;jNghJk; fpuhkq;fpsy; tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupak; epiyj;J epw;fpwJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; gy;NtW rhjpfSs;Sk;> Mrpupau;fs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wikf;F mbepiyahff; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,g;gFjpapd; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tp kuG vd;Nw fUjNtz;Lk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; nghUspay; mikg;G> r%ftho;f;if> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; midj;Jk; Gtpapay; mikg;gpd; nry;thf;Fld; ngupJk; njhlu;Gnfhz;L fhzg;gLtJ cz;ikNa. fiuNahuq;fs; fly; rhu;e;jpUg;gJk;> jkpofk; mz;ikapypUg;gJk; tha;g;ghd fg;gw;Jiwfs; fhzg;gLtJk; nghUspay; tho;NthL kl;Lk; Njq;fp tplhky;> fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak;> rkak;> gof;ftof;fk; vd;w gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fNshLk; ,g;gFjpia ,izj;Jtpl;lJ vdyhk;.
tlkhuhl;rpapy; tptrhak;> kPd;gpb Nghd;w ngUe;njhopy;fis tpl kl;ghz;lk; tidjy;> ngl;b gha; flfk; gpd;dy;.9 nerT Ntiy> jr;RNtiy> nfhy;yNtiy nghd;w gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fSk; eilngWfpd;wd. ghuk;gupaj; njhopy;fSf;Fk;> r%f> rhjpg; gpupTfSf;F%Nl rpwg;ghd xU fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; tlkuhl;rpapy; epytp te;Js;sik mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
1 . 5 rpy gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;
aho;g;ghzj;jpd; gz;ghl;lk;rq;fs; tlkuhl;rpf;Fg; nghJthf mike;jNghjpYk; rpytifapw; jdpj;JtKilaitahfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fy;tpj;Jiw jtpu;e;j czT> cil> tpisahl;Lg; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; rpy jdpj;Jtj;jpid ,g;gFjpapy; fhzyhk;.
gz;ghl;bd; xU mk;rkhd czTtifapYk; ,g;gFjp rpwg;ghd rpy jd;ikfisf; nfhz;Ls;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ey;nyz;nza; cgNahfk;> Njhir> “gUj;jpj;Jiw til||> kPd; jPay; (mtpay;)> gpz;zhf;F vd;git <onkq;Fk; gpurpj;jkhdit. gy;NtW tifahd gyfhutiffSk; ,g;gFjpapy; ,d;Wk; tpw;gidahtJz;L. 10
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ngz;fs; ngUk;ghYk; 18Mk; E}w;whz;bd; kj;jpagFjptiu “Fwf;Ff;fl;L||f;fhuuhfNt ,Ue;jhu;fs; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. Flhehl;bd; kw;iwa gFjpfspy; jho;e;j tFg;igr; Nru;e;j ngz;fNs Fwf;Ff;fl;Lf;fhuu;fshf ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> tlkuhl;rpapy; cau;rhjpg; ngz;fSk; mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu “Fwf;Ff;fl;L|| f;fhuu;fshf ,Ue;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,d;Wk; taJ Kjpu;e;j cau;rhjp%jhl;bfspilNa ,g;gz;gpidf; fhzyhk;. tlkuhl;rpapd; rpy gFjpfspw; jpUkzkhd eLj;jutaijj; jhz;ba ngz;fs; rl;ilapd;wpj;jhtzp NghLk; tof;fKk; cz;L. jhtzpj; njhq;fypw; jpwg;Gg; Nghd;w xU nghUis Kbe;J KJFg; gf;fkhf tpl;bUg;gu;.
“ijayu; Nknywpj; jhtzpj; njhq;fy; tsikfz;L
ngha;apil ts;spapd; jha;kidape;jg; GNyhypnaDk;||11
vd;Dk; ghly; mbapd; %yk; ,g;gz;ghl;bidf; fz;Lnfhs;syhk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; eilngWfpd;w tpisahl;Lf;fisf; ftdpf;Fk;NghJ mit ghuk;gupa tpisahl;Lf;fisNa ngUk;ghYk; filg;gpoj;J te;Js;sd. ,d;Wk; rpWtu;fs; “mk;ngwpjy;|| vd;Dk; tpisahl;il tpisahLtu;. ,t;tpisahl;ilf; Flhehl;bd; kw;iwa gFjpfspy; fhz;gJ fbdk;. ,ijtpl khl;Ltz;br; rthup> fpspj;jl;L (ahL)> “Nghu;j;Njq;fhab|| vd;git rpwg;ghff; Fwpg;gplf;$bait. rpj;jpiu tUlg;gpwg;G> rpj;jpuh G+uiz ehl;fspw; ngupatu;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; (mz;ikf; fhyk;tiu) Nghu;j; Njq;fha; mbg;gJ tof;fk;.
nkhopepiy
,t;thwhd gz;ghl;Lj; jdpj;JtKila tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; toq;Fk; nkhopepiyAk; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. rhjhuz Ngr;Rtof;fpYk;> ciuahlypYk; ,yf;fzr; Rj;jkhd gy nrhw;fisf; ifahStij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. tlkuhl;rpf;Fs;NsNa fpuhkq;fSf;Ff; fpuhkk; NtWghlhd nrhw; gpuNahfq;fisf; ifahStijAq; fhzyhk;. xypaikg;gpYk;> cUgd;fspYk; mit NtWghLilait. ey;y jkpo;r; nrhw;fis ehfupfk; fythj jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; vdf; fUjg;gLfpd;w kf;fspilNa mjpfkhff; fhzyhk;.
%ly; (Xiyahw; gpd;dg;gl;l rpwpa ngl;b)> ks;shf; nfhl;il (epyf;fliy)> Nghf;fzk; (kupahiu)> maj;J (kwe;J)> ,zy; (epoy;)> G+ok; (ntWk;)> nts;sz (Neuj;Jld;)> gPypg;gl;il (jz;zPu; ,iwf;f Xiyahypiof;fg;gl;lJ)> rTf;fk; (rhy;it)> gr;rb (rk;gy;)> ifapy; (Njq;fha;g;ghjp)> nghl;lop (Jzp%l;il) Nghd;w gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd nrhw;fis cjhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;. ,tw;iwtpl “rpYty;|| (cjthj)> ehwy; (cjthj> gOjhd)> gz;zpg;Nghl;lha; (xd;Wk; nra;aKbahj) Nghd;w nrhw;gpuNahfq;fSk; tof;fpypUf;fpd;wd. tlkuhl;rpapd; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpd; fzprkhd gFjpia ,r; nrhw;fspNy fhzyhk;. Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is> gz;bju; r. tPuf;jp> nr. fjpu;fhkehkd;> GNyhypA+u; rjhrptk;> njzpahd; KjypNahupd; gilg;Gfspy; tlkuhl;rpf;Nf cupj;jhd gy Ngr;R nkhopr; nrhw;fisAk; njhlu;fisAk; fhzyhk;.
aho;;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; kl;Lkd;wp ,yq;if KOtjw;Fk; tpahgpj;j murpay; nghUspaw; fUj;Jf;fs; gy tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy Kistpl;lik Nehf;fj;jf;fJ. cjhuzkhf 1931Mk; Mz;L rl;l ep\&gz rigspy; Ng. ghyrpq;fk; ,yq;iff;F Rankhopf; fy;tpapd; mtrpaj;ijAk;> kfhtyp tlf;Nf jpirjpUg;gg;gLtjd; mtrpaj;ijAk;> Rnjr itj;jpaj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; typAWj;jpg; Ngrpdhu;. 12 Nf. ghyrpq;fk; tlkuhl;rpapd; gpurpj;jp ngw;w kuGtopf; fy;tp mwpQupd; kugpdpNy te;jtu; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tiug;NghyNt <oj;Jf;Fg; nghJthd murpaw; nghUshjhuf; fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itj;j ku;kFyrpq;fk;> nghd;. fe;ijah> [p.[p. nghd;dk;gyk; Nghd;wtu;fSk; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpypUe;J Kfpo;j;jtu;fNs. tlkuhl;rpapd; jdpj;jd;ikf;Fk;> rpwg;Gf;Fk; mbehjkhf ,g;gFjpapy; epytpte;j fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidNa nfhs;sNtz;bapUf;fpwJ.
mbf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;:
1. aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp – gf;. 133
2. aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; - ,e;jpughyh fh. gf;. 67
3. ifyhakhiy - ..... ..... khud; fdf kotidg; gpd; ehy;tUld; NrUk; GNyhyp jpfoitj;J ...... || gf;. fR.
4. rpq;ifefu; – Kjypahu; Fy> rghehjd;> r%fj; njhz;ld; Mz;L kyu; 1961 – gf; 47
5. ,yq;iftho; jkpou; tuyhW – Nguhrpupau; f. fzgjpg;gps;is – gf;. 23. Mtzp 1956 Nguhjid
6. aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp – gf;. 73.
7. Nghy;ba]; - ,yq;ifr; rupj;jpuk;.
8. aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp – gf;. 120
9. “ngl;b gha; Fl;lhd; ngau;ngW fjpu;g;gha; mLf;Fg; ngl;bA kUtpiy %lYk; gpl;ltp ePj;Jg; ngl;bAk;|| - fhjypahw;Wg;gil Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is
10. Rofpw; gug;gp tpiyaJ $Wk;
fko;jU nrk;gdq; fha;g;gzp ahuKk;. -fhjypahw;Wg;gil
11. nrOq;fkyr; rpyk;nghyp – f.tP.gf;. 43.
12. Nf. ghyrpq;fk;. rl;lep\&gz rigg; Ngr;R> - 1931 <oNfrup.
,ay; ,uz;L
tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupak;
2 . 1 ehl;Lg; ghly;fs;
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; MuhAk;nghOJ> tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa kugpidAk;> mk;kugpypUe;J Kfpo;j;j vOj;jpyf;fpa kugpidAk; mwptJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ. tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa kuNg vOj;jpdhyhd caupyf;fpaq;fSf;F Cw;Wf;fhyhf mike;jikiaAk; tlkuhl;rpapd; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpD}L juprpf;f KbfpwJ. vOj;J ,yf;fpa Mw;wYk; MsikAk; tha;nkhop kuGtopNa tsu;e;Jte;Js;sikiaAk; ,g;gFjpapNy fhzKbfpwJ.
tha;nkhop kuG tlkuhl;rpapy; gy;NtW fpisg;ghLilajhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,f;fpisg;ghl;bd; xd;whd ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpd;wd. kUj;Jtpr;rpapd; tho;j;Jg; ghly;> jhyhl;L> tpisahl;Lg; ghly;fs;> rlq;Fg; ghly;fs;> njhopw; ghly;fs;> xg;ghup Mfpait rhjhuz xU kdpjdpd; tho;f;if gpwg;G> tsu;g;G> jpUkzk;> topghL> njhopy;> kuzk; vd;w Rlw;Wtl;lj;Js;NsNa njhopw;gLfpd;wd. trjpfSk; tha;g;Gff;Sk; tsUtjw;F Kd; Foe;ijfs; tPl;bNyNa gpwe;jdu;. gps;isg;NgW ghu;f;Fk; kUj;Jtpr;rp(mNefkhf jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nru;e;j mDgtJKs;s %jhl;bfNs kUj;Jtpr;rpfshfg; gzpGupe;Js;sdu;.) tho;j;Jg; ghliy ghLths;. ,g;ghy;fs; Mz; Foe;ijfSf;F NtwhfTk; ngz; Foe;ijfSf;F NtwhfTk; mikAk;.
“muprpg; nghjpNahLk; te;jPNuh jk;gp
muprp kiyehLk fz;BNuh jk;gp
cs;spg; nghjpNahLk; te;jPNuh jk;gp
cs;sp kiyehLk; fz;BNuh jk;gp||
Nghd;w Mz;Foe;ij tho;j;Jg; ghliy cjhuzkhff; fhl;lyhk;.
Foe;ij tsuj; njhlq;fj; njhl;bypNy Nghl;Lj jhyhl;Ltu;. ,j; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fisj jha;khu; ghLk;nghOJ ,uz;L %d;W tPLfSf;Ff; Nfl;ff;$bajhfg; ghLtJKz;L. jhyhl;bd; “,Onkd;|| XirAk; njhl;bypd; mirTk; xd;W Nruf; Foe;ij jd;id kwe;J J}q;fptpLk;. gbg;gwptw;w fpuhkpag; ngz;fs; jhyhl;Lg; ghly;fspy; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhd tha;g;ghl;Lj; jd;ikiaf; fhzyhk;. ,t;tha;g;ghl;Lj; jd;ikNa jhyhl;ilj; jhq;fpepw;gijAk; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. mjpfkhf nky;Nyhirr; nrhw;fNs jhyhl;by; ,lk;ngWtJ Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. jha;khupd; kd czu;Tfs;> kd cior;ry;fs;> cwTKiwfs;> vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fs; vd;gdnty;yhk; jhyhl;by; gjpthfpapUg;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
Foe;ij gpwe;J 31Mk; ehs; njhl;by; fl;Lk; epfo;r;rp eilngWk;. jha;khkNd njhl;by;; fl;lNtz;Lnkd;w ek;gpf;ifnahd;Wk; cz;L. ,d;Wk; ,g; gof;fk; tof;fpypUf;fpwJ.
MuhNuh> MuptNuh
MuhNuh MuptNuh
vdj; njhlq;fpr; rpy rk;gtq;fisAk; Rl;bg; ghLthu;fs;. cjhuzkhf>
njhl;by; fl;l te;j mk;khd;
gl;bdpNa Nghwhuhk; .......... MuhNuh ...........
vd;w jyhl;bidr; Rl;lyhk;.
xy;yhe;ju; tlgFjpiag; gy;NtW Nfhapw;gw;Wf;fshfg; gpupj;jdu;. tlgFjpapw; fl;ilNtypf; Nfhapw;gw;W vd;gJk; xd;W. ,g;gFjpapy; ,Ue;j njhd;ik tha;e;j rptd; Nfhapy; ,bf;fg;gl;L me;j ,lj;jpy; fl;ilNtypj; Njthyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUifiaAk; mjdhy; rpijAk; kuGtopf; fy;tp KiwapidAk; fz;L vs;speifahLtd; Nghd;w ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; tlkuhl;rpapd; Kf;fpa gFjpfspnyhd;whd funtl;bg;gFjpapNy epytptUfpd;wd. 1
,tw;iwtplr; rpWtu;fs;
\\fz;zhNu filahNu fhf;fzk;
G+r;rpahNu>
Nfhr;rp vd;d fha;r;rpdhs;?
$o;.
$Of;Ff; fwpnad;d?
GO.
ngUk; GOtha; gpbr;Rf;nfhz;L
Xoth
vd;;W tpisahLtJk;
Js;Sg; gpdhl;L Fwhg; gpdhl;L
nfhf;fh jiyapNy vd;d G+?
KUf;fk; G+
KUf;Fj; jior;r Kd;D|W khk;gok;
gl;ilapf;if itr;r
goQ;Nrhnwq;Nf?
gz;bjpz;Ll;LJ
gz;bf;F NkNy gLthd; kpisffr;
nrl;bahgps;is
xUifia klf;nfz;lhy;
Jlf;F.
rpWtu;fs; $b tl;lkh ,Ue;J iffis epyj;jpNy gjpa itj;J tpdhTk; tpilAkhfg; ghb tpisahLtJKz;L.
rpWtu;fs; CQ;ry; fl;l MLtu;. ngupa CQ;riy “md;d CQ;rhy;|| vd;W miog;gu;. md;d CQ;rhy; fl;b Mlk;NghJ gpd;tUk; ghliyg; ghLtu;.
fr;rhapw; GspapNy CQ;rhYk; fl;b
fdfuh Njhg;gpNy Njhl;lKk; nra;J
ntl;lhj nrt;tpsdp ntl;b kilNghl;L
vupahj fw;G+uk; vupj;J kilNghl;L||
vd;gd Nghd;w CQ;rw; ghly;fisAk; ghb tpisahLtu;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; flw;fiuiaaz;ba gFjpfshd fw;Nfhtsk;> ehfu;Nfhtpy; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; fiutiy ,Of;Fk;NghJ ghLk; ghly;fs; ,yf;fpa tsKk; RitAk; nfhz;lit. cjhuzkhf ehfu;Nfhapw;gFjp kPdtu;fs; ghLk; ghliyf; fhz;Nghk;.
Vnyyq;fpb Vnyiyah
fWg;gp thb fhupy NghNthk;
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
rptg;gp thb [Pg;gpy NghNthk;
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
ifapiy uz;L fyhtiu Nkhjpuk;>
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
RJkiy kr;rhs; Rjpahd ngl;il>
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
Mnulh rz;bad; Neupiy thlh>
VNyyq;fpb VNyiyah
gUj;Jiw khg;gpis vLj;Jiwg; ngk;gpis
vd;w ghlYk;> ,JNghd;w gy;NtW ghly;fSk; ,d;Wk; toq;fptUfpd;wd.
tlkuhl;rpapd; tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; xg;ghupf;Fk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cz;L. Nrhf czu;it> “kdg;ghuq;fis|| ,;t;nthg;ghupfspNy fhzyhk;. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; xg;ghupfs; ngUksT toq;fptUtJ Nghyf; Flhehl;bd; kw;iwa gFjpfspy; ,y;iynad;Nw Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. ,oT tPLfspNy xg;ghupfspd; Xiwia ,d;Wk; jhuhskhff; Nfl;fyhk;. taJ te;j %jhl;bfs;> eLj;ju taJg; ngz;fs; kpfTk; yhtfkhf xg;ghupfisg; ghLtu;. tha;g;ghl;L uPjpahf mikAk; xg;ghupfspy;> ,ilapilNa nrhw;fs;> ,iaTglhJ> vJifNkhid jg;gp tpOe;JtpLtJKz;L. ,f;Fiwghl;il xUtif Xirahy; ngz;fs; epug;gptpLthu;fs;. tlkuhl;rpapd; rpy gFjpfspd; nghUshjhu mikg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhfg; ngz;fs; kuf;fwp tpahghuk; nra;J nghUsPl;LtJk; xd;whFk;. ney;ypab> gUj;jpj;Jiw> rhtfr;Nrup> nfhbfhkk;> Rd;dhfk; Nghd;w re;ijfspy;> ,tu;fs; tpahghuk; nra;tJ tof;fk;. (,g;Ngh ,k;Kiw mUfp tUfpwJ). vdNt jha; ,we;jNghJ kfs; $Wk; xg;ghup ,g;nghUshjhu epiyapidr; Rl;Ltjhf mikfpd;wJ. tif khjpupf;fhf xd;iwr; Rl;lyhk;.
mk;kh eP
thip tuj; jpz;bUe;jd; - vd;iu
td;d tz;b thLjiz............
eP .............
Nfhyptuj; jpz;bUe;jd; - vd;iu
Nfhy tz;b thLjiz.
cwtpdu;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; jfuhWfisAk; njhy;iyfisAk; vy;NyhUk; xd;whfr; re;jpf;Fkplkhd rhtPl;bNy nrhy;ypj; ‘jPu;g;gJk;| ,g;gFjpapd; kughFk;. mt;thW nrhy;ypj; jPu;g;gjd; %yk; xUtpj kd mikjpAk;. MwjYk; Vw;gLtJ. ,ay;ghdNj. xU ngz; jq;fSld; rz;il gpbj;Jj; njhe;juT nfhLf;Fk; cwtpdiur; ‘rhl;bg;| ghba xg;ghup ,t;tplj;Nj ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
vd;iu mg;G .................. ,it
rPdj; Jtf;nfLj;J – vq;fisr;
rpjw ntb itf;fpdNk ...............
vd;iu mg;G - ,it
ghuj; Jtf;nfLj;J – vq;fisg;
gjw ntb itf;fpdNk..............
vd;iu mg;G
ehd; gliyapiy Mkzf;F
vd;iu mg;G> ehditf;Fk;;
ghtf;fh ahfpdNd>
Ntypapiy Mkzf;F
vd;iu mg;G> ehditf;F
Ntg;gq;fh ahfpdNd.
,t;thwhf> tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa kughd ehl;lhu; ghly;fs; gpuNjrj;jpd; gz;ghL> gof;ftof;fk; Nghd;w gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk; gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. Mnuhf;fpakhd Xu; ,yf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; Njhd;Wk; gpuNjrj;jpy; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa tskhdjhfTk;> cukhdjhfTk; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gjw;F tlkuhl;rp xU tifkhjpupahf mike;jpUf;fpwJ vdyhk;.
tlkhul;rpapd; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;gpy; gonkhopfSk; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;w. Flhehl;bd; kj;jpa gFjpfspy; mjpfk; eilKiwapy;yhj gy gonkhopfis ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; ,d;Wk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ. “gpr;irnaLf;Fjhk; ngUkhs;> mijg; Glq;Fjhk; mDkhu;||. “mJFk; gpuz;Nlg;ig> ,Jfk; foz;Nlg;ig|| vd;gd Nghd;w gonkhopfisg; gbj;jtu;fSk; ghkuu;fSk; ifahStijf; fhyhk;. jhk; $wg; Gfe;j tp~aj;jpw;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;fNt ,g;gonkhopfisf; ifahSfpd;wdu;. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; “thilia|| ,g;gonkhopfspNyAk; fhzyhk;.
||ntl;ba fl;Lj; jiyNk Nyw;wp
ePz;l topiaj; jhz;bf; fhyd;
tUngUq; $l;l eifapdk; ngz;bu;||
-fhjypahw;Wg;gil
Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; tpwFntl;bj; jiyNkw; Rke;J te;J tpahghuk; nra;Ak; mbepiy kl;lj;jpYs;s jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nru;e;j ngz;fs; ghLk; ghly;fSk; Fwpg;gp;lj;jf;fit. mit jdpj;jdpahd ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;> gpurpj;jp ngw;w $j;Jg; ghly;fs; (,g;Ngh rpdpkhg; ghly;fs;) vd;gdthFk;.
2 . 2 $j;JkuG
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; $j;Jf;fs; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpg;gplf;$baJ. gz;ila $j;Jf;fspd; tsu;r;rpg; gbfisg; gy;NtW tifapy; ,g;gFjpfspNy fhzyhk;. ngUk;ghYk; gpd;js;sg;gl;l r%fq;fspilNa ,f;$j;JkuG epiyNgW cilajhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gq;Fdp> rpj;jpiu> itfhrp khjq;fspy;; xt;nthU fpuhkq;fspYk; khjj;jpw;F ehd;F> Ie;J $j;Jf;fSk; eilngWtJz;L. ney;yz;ilg; gj;jpufhsp Nfhapypy; xU khjj;jpy; 15> 20 $j;Jf;fSk; eilngw;wJz;L> ngUk;ghYk; ,f;$j;Jf;fs; Neu;j;jpf;fld;fSf;fhfNt Nghlg;gLk;. ,jdhy; ,it rkar; rhu;Gila fijfisf; nfhz;litahfTk; mikfpd;wd. $j;Jf;fs; Nfhapy; tPjpfspy;> my;yJ Nfhapiyr; R+oTs;s tay; ntspfspw;whd; eilngWk;. rpWghd;ikahfr; rkar; rhu;gw;witahfTk;> rpy $j;Jf;fs; epfo;tJz;L.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ngUk;ghd;ikahff; $j;Jkugpidg; NgZgtu;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;igr; Nru;e;jtu;fNs. ,f;$j;J epfo;Tfs; rkar; rhu;Gilaitahf mikfpd;w mNjNtisapy; xU rhjpapd; “xd;W$ly;|| epfo;r;rpahfTk; miktJz;L. gpuNjrj;jpd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk; jq;fs; rhjpapdu; Mlk; $j;jpidg; ghu;f;f Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> Foe;ijfs; ahtUk; $j;jhLkplj;jpw;Fg; “gha;||> “rhf;F||> “yhk;G|| vd;gitfSld; Neuj;jpw;Nf te;J $btpLtu;.
vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupakw;w cau;rhjpay;yhNjhu; kj;jpapNy ,f;$j;J kuGjhd; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; Njhw;WthahfTk; mikfpwJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhupd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf; fl;lj;jpid MuhAk;nghOJ Kjd; Kjypy; mz;zhtpapd; kfNdh kUkfNdhjhd; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpDs; fhyb itg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpr; r%fj;jpy; rhjpaikg;Gg; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid ,f;$j;JkuGld; xd;wpizj;J Nehf;FtJ fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidawpa cjtpahFk;. cau; rhjpf;fhuu;fspy; $j;Jg; gof;Fk; mz;zhtpia> “mz;zhtpahu;|| vd Mu; tpFjp Nru;j;J miog;gJk;> jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; kj;jpapy; $j;Jg; gof;Fgtiu “mz;zhtp|| vd miog;gJk; kuG. cjhuzkhf mz;zhtp Kufd;> %j;jjk;gp mz;zhtpahu; vd miog;gijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; gpurpj;jp ngw;w mk;kd; Myaq;fshd> mj;JS> ney;yz;il> my;tha; Kj;Jkhup mk;kd; Nghd;w ,lq;fs; $j;Jf;fSf;Fg; gpurpj;jkhdit. ,t;tplq;fspy; fhj;jhd; $j;J> mupr;re;jpuh> gtsf;nfhb> ey;yjq;fhs;> rhtpj;jpup fj;jpatghd; Nghd;w kuG topf; $j;Jf;fNs ngUk;ghYk; Mlg;gLk;. ,f;$j;J kugpd; vr;rnrhr;rkhf ,d;Wk; ,g;gFjpapy; ,kad; NtyhAjk;> Rgj;jpiu Mo;thu;> %spg; nghd;D> ehuju; fe;ijau;> mDR+ah NtYg;gps;is> rFdp fe;jd; Nghd;w “tpUJg;|| ngau;fs; epd;W epyTfpd;wd. ,it mtu;fs; Vw;W ebj;j ghj;jpuq;fspd; ebg;Gr; rpwg;Gf; fUjpaplg;gl;litahFk;. $j;jhLgtu;fS;fFk; $j;Jg; gof;FgtUf;Fk; xU kl;lj;jpy; r%f kjpg;G toq;fg;gl;likiaAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; Gfo;ngw;w mz;zhtpfshf mz;zhtp jk;igah (Jk;gis)> mz;zhtp MWKfk;> mz;zhtp rutzKj;J (my;tha;)> mz;zhtp Mo;thu;;> %j;jjk;gp (funtl;b)> mz;zhtp nry;iyah (khjid)> mz;zhtp kfhypq;fk; (Jd;dhiy)> mz;zhtp fzgjpg;gps;is> nghd;D (ney;ypab) Nghd;Nwhiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
“ehlfj; jkpio ed;nfd czu;e;Njhd;
MlYk; ghlYk; miktU khrhd;
mz;zhtp jk;igad; mUikaha;g; gof;fpa
tpyhrk; ghu;f;f ntw;wpiy aUe;jp
tpiue;J tpiue;J elg;Nghu; FohKk;||
vdg; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is Fwpg;gpLtu; ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fpof;Ff;fiuia az;ba gFjpfspy; (Flj;jid> Flhug;G> mk;gd;) fpwp];jtf; $j;J kuGfSk; tsu;e;Jtw;Js;sd. tlkuhl;rpapd; fpof;Ff; fiuapypUe;J “jhrPrpa];|| Nghd;w rpwe;j newpahsidj; je;jJk; ,f;$j;JkuNg nadyhk;.
,g;gFjpspf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpatsj;jpidAk; $j;JkuGk; jhq;fpepw;gJ mtjhdpf;ff;$baJ.
mz;zhtpfs; ,aw;ifg; Gyik gilj;jtuhf ,Uj;jy; rpwg;ghd gz;ghff; fUjg;gl;lJ. fw;gid tsKk;> czu;Tr; rpwg;Gk; cs;s ghly;fisr; re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyf;Nfw;g vOe;j khdkhfg; ghLk; ty;yik ,tu;fspilNa fhzg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fpatsj;jpidg; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,t;tz;zhtpkhupd; gq;fspg;G kfj;jhdJ. rhjp xopg;G> r%fr; rPu;jpUj;jk; vd;gdtw;wpw;fhf; fijj; njhlu;gpd;wp ,ilapNy ,tz;zhtpkhNu ,aw;wpg; “gf;fg;ghl;lhfg;|| ghLtJk; tof;fk;. rpy ghly;fis ||ngl;bf;fhuu;fSk;|| ghLthu;fs;.
re;jr; RitAk;> re;ju;g;g R+o;epiyfSf;Nfw;g khWglf;$bajhfTk; ,g;gFjp mz;zhtpkhu;fs; ghlf;$batu;fs;. ,t;tz;zhtpkhu;fspy; gyu; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;Fk;> tha;nkhopg; ghuk;gupaj;jpwFk; ghykhf mike;jtu;fs;. ,tu;fSs; tha;nkhop kugpy; ,Ue;J vOj;jpyf;fpa kugpDs; fhybitj;j vk.tP. fpU];zho;thu; Nghd;w mz;zhtpdNs tpje;Njhjyhk;.
mz;zhtp Mo;thu; vd miof;fg;lg;l vk;. tP. fpU];zho;thu; $j;jhba fhyj;jpy; xUKiw Cu; |mlq;fYk;| “rpuq;F|| vd;Dk; rUktpahjp ele;Jnfhz;bUe;jjhk;. Mo;thu; Nkilf;F te;J elf;Fk;nghOJ Kd;Df;fpUe;j rpWtu; J}q;fptope;jgb rpuq;ifr; nrhwp;e;Jnfhz;bUe;jhu;fshk;. jdJ fl;lk; Kbe;J Nghd Mo;thu; rpwpJ Neuj;jpd; gpd; gf;fg;ghl;Lf;fhuDf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; te;Jepd;W clNd ,aw;wp rpuq;ifg; gw;wp xU ghly; ghbdhuhk;.
“rpuq;fg;gdhNu F];luh[d; ngw;w
nry;tf; Fnguh
mfq;iff;Fk; Gwq;iff;Fk;
mofhd Koq;iff;Fk;
nrhwpar; nrhwpa ey;y
Rfj;ijj; je;jhNa – rpuq;fg;gdhNu
(jfty;: mz;zhtp rutzKj;J> my;tha; - Mo;thupd; khztDk; rfghbAk;.)
mz;zhtp Mo;thu; tNahjpgfhyj;jpy; “gG+dhf||Tk; ebj;Js;shu;. mj;JS mk;kd; Mya Kd;wpypy; ele;j “fz;buhrd;|| ehlfj;jpy; ,tu; gG+dhf ebj;jij ehd; ghu;j;Njd;. jd;id xU kuNkwpf; fs;Sr; Nru;g;gtdhfg; ghtidnra;J mtu; ghba ghly; RitAk; nghUSk; epiwe;jJ.
Nrhf;fhd njd;dq;fs;S
nrhf;fitf;F nke;jd; fs;S
Nrhjpj;Jf; Fbj;Jg; ghu;f;f
thUq;Nfh eapdhu; – cq;fisr;
R+iwahl;b tpOj;jhtpl;lhy;
NfSq;Nfh eapdhu;.
nfhg;ghl;ld; ghl;lndq;fs;
Nfhe;JWTk; khe;JWTk;
jg;ghkq; rPtpg; Gfioj; jhtpNdhk; eapdhu;
vg;NghJk; vq;fSf;Fg; ngau;
“Vw;we;jhd;|| eapdhu;.
neQ;ir tpl;lfyhj ,g;ghly; ,d;Qk; tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapy; “tha;nkhopg; ghlyhf|| toq;fptUfpwJ. ,ij ,aw;wpatUk; ,tNujhdhk;.
,t;thW GyikAk; ,yf;fpatsKk; nfhz;l tuftp fpU];zho;thiuj; je;jJ tlkuhl;rpapd; Kf;fpa fpuhkq;fspy; xd;whd funtl;bNa. ,tu; gpuNjrq; fle;j GfOf;Fupatu;.
tha;nkhop ,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk;> vOj;J ,yf;fpaj;Jf;FKs;s cwtpid Nehf;Fk;nghOJ> ,r; rpuq;Fgw;wpa ghlYf;Fk; ftpkzpapd; “nka;apw; rpuq;if tpbAkl;Lk; nrhwpaf; ifapuz;Lk; NghjhJ|| vd;w ahg;G newpg;gl;l ghlYf;FKs;s neUf;fk; GydhfpwJ> tha;nkhop kuNg vOj;jhf Kfpo;f;Fk; vd;gjw;F ,Jtk; xU rhd;whFk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; $j;Jkugpidf; ftdpf;Fk;NghJ> $j;Jf;fhd cil myq;fhuk;> rPd;> xg;gid vd;gdTk; ,g;gFjpapNy Muk;gpj;jjhff; $Wfpd;wdu;. <oj;jpNyNa Kjd;Kjy; $j;Jf;fhd rPd; tiffisAk;> kzp cLg;G – G+r;Rf;fs; ,itfisAk; jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J nfhz;Lte;J thliff;Ff; nfhLj;jtu;fSk; tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fNs. gUj;jpj;Jiw nfhl;lbg; gps;isahu; NfhapYf;F mUfhikapy; ,d;Wk; “nry;tehafk; rPd;|| vd;W miof;fg;gLk; nry;tehafj;jpd; %jhijaNu> ‘rPid| Kjd; Kjy; nfhz;Lte;jtu;fshk; - (jfty;: Jk;gis tPurpq;fk; Mrpupau;)
tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk;> ,yf;fpatsj;jpYk; tha;nkhop kuG ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ehl;lhu; ghly;fs;> $j;Jf;fs;> rlq;F rhu;e;j ghly;fs; vd;gdnty;yhk; fy;tpiaAk;> ,yf;fpaj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpNa tsu;e;Js;sd.
2 . 3 rpWnja;t topghl;L kuG
tlkuhl;rpapd; topghl;L newpfSs; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Mfk mikg;Gf;Fl;gl;l Myaq;fs; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;Jld; njhlu;Gw;W ,aq;fptu> fPo;epiyg;gl;l> rpW nja;ttopghl;L newpfs; tha;nkhop ,yf;fpag; gz;gpidg; Ngzpte;Js;sd. xU> rd;djk;> cr;rhldk;> ke;jpuk; vd;gitfisnahl;bNa ,t;tpyf;fpak; ghuk;gupak; epytp te;Js;sJ. Iadhu;> mz;zkhu;> gzpf;fu;> fhsp> nfhj;jp Nghd;w rpWnja;t topghl;blq;fisAk;> mitfisr; rhu;e;j G+rhupg; ghly;fisAk; XsuT ,g;gFjpapy; fhzyhk;. cLf;fbj;Jg; Ngahl;lk; MLk;NghJ G+rhupfs; mq;nfhd;W kpq;nfhd;Wkhfj; jhk; ,aw;wpAk; Kd;Ndhu; ,aw;wpaijAk; ghLfpd;wdu;. mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; ,g;gz;G kpfTk; mUfpte;Js;sJ. ,g;gFjpapd; gy ,lq;fspy; rpWnja;t topghLk; ngUe;nja;t topghLk; ,d;W xd;wpize;J nry;tijf; fhzf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ngUe;nja;t Myaq;fspNyNa jdpj;jdp rpWnja;tq;fSf;Fr; rpW rpW Nfhapy;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk; fhzyhk;. cjhuzkhf tuyhw;Wg; gpurpj;jp ngw;w ty;ypGu Mo;thu; NfhapypNy ehr;rpkhUf;Fk;> rg;jfd;dpaUf;Fk; jdpj;jdp topghl;blq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikiaf; fhzyhk;. kpf mz;ikf; fhyk;tiu gagf;jpahfg; Nghw;wgl;L te;j ty;iy Kdpf;F ,d;W Myak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk;> mjw;F mUfpNyNa tpehafu; Myak; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;thW rpW nja;t topghL ngUe;nja;t topghl;Lld; ,ize;J nrd;Ws;sikAk; mit Mfk nrwpg;gl;l G+irfisAK; MuhjidfisAk; ngWtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,g;gz;G jPtlq;fYk; fhzg;gLtJ cz;ikNa. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; rpWnja;t topghl;L kuG ,d;W ngUksT Fiwe;Js;sik r%f nghUspay; khw;wj;jpd; mbahfNtnadyhk;. rpWghd;ikr; r%fj;jtu; kj;jpapNyNa ,d;Wk; ,r;rpWnja;ttopghl;L kuG ,d;W ngUksT Fiwe;Js;sik r%f nghUspay; khw;wj;jpd; mbahfNtnadyhk;. rpWghd;ikr; r%fj;jtu; kj;jpapNyNa .,d;Wk; ,r;rpWnja; topghl;L kuG newpfs; rpwpjsT Ngzg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gpuNjrj;jpd; topghl;L newpfs; ,UkuGg; gl;ljhf mike;Js;sik cz;ikNa nadpDk; Mfk newpg;gl;l ngUe;nja;ttopghl;L kuNg NkNyhq;fpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;Nkyhz;ikNa ,g;gFjpapd; kuGtopg;g;l;l rka ,yf;fpaq;fspYk; gpujpgypg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
xU gpuNjrj;jpd; gz;ghL> gof;f tof;fk; vd;gd mg;gpuNjrj;jpd; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk;> tho;tpidAk; CLUtpr; nry;fpd;w mNjNtisapy; fy;tpiaAk; fiyfisAk; cs;slf;fpNa fhzg;gLk; vd;gjw;F tlkuhl;rp xU tifkhjpupahd cjhuzk; vdyhk;.
,ay; %d;W
vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak;
3 . 1 fy;tp Kiwfs;
tlkuhl;rpapd; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; aho;g;ghzf; Flh ehl;bd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpdpd;Wk; NtWgl;Ls;sJ vd;W $wKbahJ. aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; mf;fhyj;jpy; FurPlKiwapNyNa fy;tp Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. guk;giu guk;giuahf kuGtopf; fy;tp KiwNa epytpte;Js;sJ. kw;iwa njhopy;fisg; Nghyf; fy;tpAk; je;ijaplkpUe;J kfDf;Fg; Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j kuG rpwpJ fhyk; nry;yj; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lq;fshf cUntLj;jd vdyhk;.
Vwj;jho 20Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ,j;jpz;izg; gs;sp kugpid tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. INuhg;gpau; tUifianahl;b epWtd uPjpahd Mq;fpy< jkpo;g; ghlrhiyfs; epWtg;gl;l gpd;du; ,g;gFjpapNy kpf mz;ikf;fhyk;tiu ,j;jpz;izggs;sp kuG fhzg;gl;lJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw `hl;ypf; fy;Y}upf;F kpf mUfpy (Xlf;fiu) ntw;wpNtY thj;jpahupd; jpz;izg;gs;sp 1974tiu ,aq;fpte;jij mwpNthk;. Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyapy gbf;Fk; khztu;fs; ,tuplk; ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> fzpjk; gapd;Wnfhz;bUe;jdu;. ngUk;ghyhd khztu;fs; ,tupd; cwtpdu;fshfTk; trjpaw;wtu;fshfTkpUe;jjhy; Ntjdkpd;wpAk; ,tu; fw;gpj;jJ cz;L. tPl;bDs;Ns ehYgf;fKk; XusT caukhd jpz;izAz;L. khztu; fPNo ,Ue;J jpz;izapy; itj;J vOjpg; gbg;gu;. ,tupd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; “kddk;|| nra;tpg;gjpNyNa jq;fpapUf;Fk;. ‘nel;LU|> ‘thyhak;| vd;w gjq;fis mbf;fb cgNahfpg;gu;. cau;ju ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fis ,tu; Nghjpg;gjpy;iy. ghlj;jpl;lj;Njhnll;bNa ,tu; gapw;rpfs; eilngWk;. jpz;izg; gs;spapd; vr;r nrhr;rkhf ,tupd; gs;spiaf; fUjyhk;.
196 tiu GNyhypapy; fe;ju; KUNfrdpd; jp;z;izg;gs;sp jpwk;gl ele;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tupd; Mo;e;jfd;w jkpo;g; GyikAk;. Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jidAk; ‘nehj;jhupd;| guPl;iuf;Fj; jkpopyf;fzk; ghlj;jpl;lkhf mike;jpUe;jJk; ,tuJ jpz;izg;gs;spaPd; tsu;r;rpf;F Kf;fpa fhuzq;fs; vdyhk;. ,tiug; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; gpd;dhy; mDge;jj;jpw; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; gy gFjpfspYk; “,uhg;gs;sp||> “epyhg;gs;sp|| vd;w ngaupy; gy kuGtopf; fy;tpg; gapw;rpfs; eilngw;Wte;Js;sd. tsu;e;NjhNu ,g;gs;spfspy; gapw;rp ngw;wdu;. ,q;F ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> Nrhjplk;> jUf;fk;> irtrpj;jhe;jk; vd;gdNt gapw;wg;gl;ld. Guhzgldk; tpNrl ,lj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;jJ>
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; ngUk;ghYk; guk;giur; nrhj;jhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gFjpapy; 19Mk; E}w;whz;Ltiu ngUk;Gyik ngw;W tpsq;fpatu;fspd; gl;baiyAk;> tuyhw;iwAk; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ ,e;j cz;ik Gydhfpd;wJ. tha;g;Gk;> trjpAKs;s cau;e;j rhjpf;fhuu;fSf;Nf fy;tp trjpAk; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Gyikahsu;fs; fy;tp fw;w kugpid Nehf;Fk;nghOJ jfg;gdplNkh> NgudplNkh my;yJ khkdplNkhjhd; mtu;fs; Muk;gf; fy;tpiaf; fw;wpUf;fpd;wdu; vd;w cz;ik Gydhfpd;wJ. fy;tpAk; “Fytpj;ijahfNt|| fUjg;gl;L te;Js;sJ.
ehs;ghu;j;J Kjd; Kjy; njhopy;fis Muk;gpj;jy; Nghd;W fy;tpAk; VL njhlf;fy; vd;Dk; rlq;fhrhuj;JlNdNa Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. Nfhapypy; my;yJ Mrpupau; tPl;bdpy;> my;yu; Flk;gj;jpy; gbj;jtUila tPl;bdpy; tp[a jrkpahfpa ru];tjp G+ir vd;Nw ,t;NtL njhlf;Fk; rlq;fhrhuk; epfOk;. Mrpupau;> Nfhapw; G+rfu;> mwpTkpFe;j ngupahu; xUtu;> ,r;rlq;fhrhuj;jpid epfo;j;Jthu;. MrpupaUf;Fg; gok;> ghf;F> ntw;wpiy> muprp> ney;> Ntl;b rhy;it Nghd;w md;gspg;Gfs; khztu; jFjpf;Fk; trjpf;FNkw;g toq;fg;gLk;. VL njhlq;fpagpd; neLq;fzf;F> Mj;jp$b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> ey;top Nghd;wtw;wpYk; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gLk;. ,g;gapw;rp gbg;gbahf taJf;Nfw;wgb tsu;e;J nry;Yk;.
mf;fhyf; fy;tpkugpy; guk;giu vt;tsT J}uk; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpaJ vd;gijg; ghtyu; rupj;jpu jPgfj;jpy; rz;Kfr; rl;lk;gpahupd; tuyhW Fwpg;gplg;gLtjpypUe;J mwpayhk;.
,tu; thioab thioahfg; gpjh> ghl;ld; mg;ghl;ld;> Kg;ghl;ld; vd %d;W ehd;F jiyKiwfshd tpj;Jthd;fspd; tk;rj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. 1
,g;gz;G tlkuhl;rpf;F kl;Lkd;wp aho;g;ghzf; FlhehL KOtjw;FNk nghUj;jkhdJ.
3 . 2 fy;tpgapy; fsq;fs;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; Ngzpg; ghJfhfFk; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F mbmj;jpthukhf mike;jit jpz;izg;gs;spfs;> ghlrhiyfs;> NtW epWtdq;fs; Nghd;w fy;tp gapy; fsq;fshFk;. jpz;izg; gs;sp kugpy; ngUk;ghYk; cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fNs fy;tpfw;wdu; vd;gJk; mtu;fsplk; ngUk;ghYk; mjpf nghUshjhu vjpu;ghu;g;G ,Uf;ftpy;iy nad;gJk; njupfpwJ. fy;tp Xu; cgfhug; gz;lkhfTk; fUjg;gl;Ls;sJ. khztu;fs; Mrpupau;fSf;F “cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;|| fy;tpiag; ngw;Ws;sdu;. rhjp mikg;Gk;> r%fcwTk;> nghUshjhu tha;g;GNk mf;fhyf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupajjpidj; jPu;khdpj;Js;sJ. khztu;fs; mkhthir> G+uz ehs;fspy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr; rhik> jpid> ney;> xbay; Nghd;wtw;iwAk;> fha;fwp tiffisAk; toq;fpAs;sdu; vd mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
tha;g;Gk; trjpAk; nfhz;l cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fNs fy;tpiag; ngw;wdu;. vdpDk;> rpy jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lq;fsspy; rhjp mikg;G ,Wf;fkhfg; Ngzg;ghlhikAk; cz;L rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; jpz;izg;gs;spapYk;> fe;ju; KUNfrdpd; jpz;izg;gs;spapYk; ,r;rhjp mikg;Gg; Ngzg;gl;ljhfj; njupatpy;iy. fe;ju; KUNfrd; Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jid cilatu;. rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; ngUkdNkh> my;yJ mtupd; “gpwg;Gg;gw;wpa|| fijNah ,j;jpUg;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuznkd mwpaKbatpy;iy.
jp;z;izg;gs;spfs;.
mf;fhyf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; Kf;fpa epWtdkhd jpz;izg; gs;spfspd; mikg;gpidAk; Mrpupau; khztu; cwtpidAk; Nehf;Fk; nghOJ> gs;spf;$lk; Mrpupau; khztu; cwtpidAk; Nehf;Fk; nghOJ> gs;spf;$lk; Mrpupaupd; tPl;bNyh my;yJ mt;T+u;g; ngupatupd; tPl;bNyhjhd; mike;jpUe;jJ. Mrpupau; jdpahf mike;j jpz;izapy;> gyifapy; my;yJ ghapy; my;yJ khd; Njhypy; mku;e;jpUg;ghu;. mtiur; R+oTs;s jpz;izfspy; gha; Nghlg;gl;bUf;Fk;. my;yJ ed;F nkOfpa jpz;izahf ,Uf;Fk;. khztu;fs; tupirahf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. Mrpupau; ghlk; elj;Jthu;. ngUk;ghYk; Muk;g tFg;Gfspy; gbf;Fk; khztu;fSf;Nf fhiyapy; tFg;Gf;fs; elf;Fk;. khiyapy; ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> Guhzgldk;> Nrhjplk; vd;gd tsu;e;jtu;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;fg;gLk;. vOjpg;gbj;jiy tpl tha;nkhopahff; Nfl;L kddk; nra;J gbj;jNy ngUk;ghd;ikahFk;. Xiyr RtbfspYk;> gpd; fhfpjj;jpYk; Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOjp – gpujp nra;J gbg;gJKz;L.
khztu;fspd; taJ tpj;jpahrj;ijtpl mtu;fspd; jpwik NtWghl;bw;fpiaaNt ghlq;fs; gbg;gpf;fg;gLk;. Mrpupaupd; tPl;L Ntiyfisg; ngUk;ghYk; khztu;fNs nra;thu;fs;. mf;fhyf; fy;tpkugpy; ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd mk;rkhFk;. tPl;LNtiy> tay;Ntiy Nghd;w NtiyfsAk; Mrpupau;fSf;Fg; gzptpilfisAk; khztu;fNs nra;tu;. cjhuzkhf> Mrpupaiuf; Fspg;ghl;Ljy;> JzpJitj;jy; Nghd;w NtiyfisAk; khztu;fNs nra;tu;. ,t;thwhd Neuq;fspYk; Mrpupau; khztUld; ghlk; rk;ge;jkhd cuahly;fspNyNa <Lgl;bUg;gu;. ,jdhy; khztu;fspd; mwpT $u;ikaila trjpahapUe;jJ vdyhk;.
khztu;fspy; tpNtfk;> jpwik Mfpatw;iw mwpa MrpupaUf;F ,t;thwhd Neuk; kpf tha;g;ghdjhf ,Ue;jJ vd ek;gyhk;. khztu;fisj jpz;izg; gs;spapy; mEkjpf;FKd; Mrpupau; rpy Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;Lg; guPl;rpg;gJKz;L. ngUk;ghYk; ,t;tpdhf;fs; $u;ikahd mtjhdpg;Gj; jpwikAk;> epidthw;wiyAk; guPl;rpg;gjhfNt ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhw;whd; ,t;thwhd fy;tpkugpy; te;jtu;fs; ml;lhtjhdk;> rjhtjhdk; epfo;j;JtNjhL gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd ghly;fSk; kddKilatu;fshf ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
Nky;tFg;G khztu;fspy; jpwikahdtu;fs; Muk;g tFg;G khztu;fSf;Fg; ghlk; elj;Jtu;. ,tu;fis khzhf;f cghj;jpahau; vd;Wk; ,iog;gu;. cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytuplk; gy khzhf;f cghj;jpkhu;fs; ,Ue;jhu;fshk;. fe;ju; KUNfrdpd; jpz;izg; gs;spapy; khzhf;f cghj;jpahauhfg; ngupa khztu;fs; Muk;g khztu;fSf;Ff; fy;tp fw;gpg;gij ehd; Neupw; fz;bUf;fpNwd;.
jpz;izg; gs;spf;$l Mrpupau;fisr; rl;lk;gpahu;> my;yJ cghj;jpahau; vd;Nw miog;gu;. ,tNu jpz;izg; gs;spapd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fis tFg;gjw;Fk; Nghjpg;gjw;Fk; nghWg;ghthu;. ghlj;jpl;lk; vd;w ngupy; mit toq;fhtpbDk; jpl;lkplg;gl;l xU tifapNyNa Nghjpf;fg;lg;ld. ,it Mrpupaupd; jpwikiaAk; mwpitAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk; ghlNeuq;fs; jtpu;e;j Vida Neuq;fspYk; khztu;fs; jq;fs; re;Njfq;fis Mrpupauplk; Nfl;Lj; njspayhk;.
Mrpupau; khztu; cwT kpf neUf;fkhf mike;jNghjpYk; gzpT> gak;> gj;jp> mlf;fk; cilatu;fshfNt khztu;fs; fhzg;gl;ldu;. khztu;fspd; eilKiwapYk;> mtu;fs; Mrpupau;fis “tpspf;Fk;|| nrhw;fspypUe;Jk; ,tw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. mf;fhyj;jpy; funtl;bapypUe;j jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lj;jpy; fw;w KjpatnuhUtu; MrpupauplkpUe;J jhk; tpilngWk; NghJ $Wk; “tpilngWk;|| ghliyf; fhl;bdhu;.
“fhyNk te;Nj ikah
fUj;Jld; ghlk; je;Njhk;
rPykha; vOjpf; nfhz;Nlhk;
NjtuPu; kdj;jpw; Nfw;gf;
Nfhykha; ePW g+rpf;
Foe;ijfs; goQ;Nrh Wz;zr;
rPykha; mDg;G ikah
NjtuPu; kdj;jpw; Nfw;g.||
NjtuPu;> Iah Nghd;w nrhw;fshNyNa Mrpupaiu tpspg;gu;. jk;ik “mbNad;|| rpwpNad; vd;W kpfg; gzpthfNt Fwpg;gu;. ,g;gz;G mf;fhyf; fy;tpkugpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;. khztu;fSf;Fg; Nghjpf;fg;gl;l fy;tpAk; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; rkaQ;rhu;e;jjhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ vd;gijf; “Nfhykha; ePW G+rp|| vd;Dk; njhlu; cWjpnra;fpd;wJ.
khztu;fs; Mrpupaupy; md;Gk; ed;wpAk; cilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. jk; flikg;ghl;bid ntspf;fhl;lj; jhk; NgRk;> vOJk; ,lq;fspy; Futzf;fk; nra;gtu;fshfTk;> jkJ Kjy; ciog;gpidf; FUTf;Ff; fhzpf;if nra;gtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j kugpid NtW tbtj;jpy; ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. gUj;jpj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; jdf;F tud; Kiwahfj; jkpo; gapw;Wtpj;j cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg; GytUf;Ff; FUtzf;fk; nra;tijAk;> Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is “khzpf;f khiy|| vdpDk; E}iyj; jdJ Mrpupauhd Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fSf;Ff; fhzpf;ifahfg; gilj;jiyAk; fhzKbfpwJ.
ej;Jk; gUj;jpj; Jiwtho; rptr;Rlu; ehd;kiwNahd;
xj;jey; yhupak; nre;jkpo; vd;id czuitj;Njhd;
Kj;Jf; Fkhu Rthkpf; Fukzp nkha;fow;fPo;
itj;jpg; gDtiy khZ ktdUs; tho;j;JtNd. 2
,e;j kugpd; thioab thioahf tUk; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isapd; Kjd; khzhf;fUs; xUtuhd Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp jkJ “gz;ilj; jkpou; tho;Tk; topghLk”; 3 vd;Dk; E}iyg; NguhrpupaUk; jdJ MrpupaUkhd f. fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fSf;Ff; fhzpf;ifahf;Ffpwhu;. Nguhrpupau; M. NtYg;gps;is ‘rhrdKk; jkpOk;| vd;Dk; E}iyAk; jdJ Mrpupauhfpa Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isf;Nf rku;g;gzk; nra;Js;shu;. fhzpf;if> ifAiw> gilay;> rku;g;gzk; vd;Dk; ghuk;gupak; FUrPl kugpy; ,Ue;J Kfpo;j;j kuNgnad;W czuKbfpwJ. ,g;gz;G ePz;L nry;tu; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupajjpd; cs;shu;e;j Mw;wypidr Rl;Ltjhf mikfpwJ vdyhk;.
mf;fhyj;jpy; jpz;izg;gs;spfspd; Nehf;fj;jpid Nehf;Fk; nghOJ> mit khztu;fis xOf;fKs;stu;fshfTk;> ,iwgf;jpAilatu;fshfTk; Mf;FtNjhL Guhzgldk;> Guhz gpurq;fk;> ,yf;fpa ,urid vd;gtw;wpy; gapw;rpiaAk; toq;Ftdthf mike;jpUe;jd. ahg;Gk; mzpAk; fw;Wr; nra;Aspaw;wy; Kf;fpakhdjhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. gbj;jtnud;W fUjg;gl;ltu; ghl;nlOjf; $batuhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,yf;fpaj;jpid mf;F NtW Mzp Ntwhfg; gpupg;gjw;Fk;> gad; nrhy;tjw;Fk; ,yf;fz mwpT gad;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. gjTiu> nghopg;Giu> tpUj;jpAiu vd;W jkJ jpwik KotijAk; mf;fhy Mrpupau;fs; ,yf;fpaq;fspw; nrYj;jpapUg;gijf; fhzKbfpwJ.
fzpjk;> msitapay; (jUf;fk;)> rpj;jhe;jk; vd;gdTk; mf;fhyf; fy;tpkugpy; ed;F Nghjpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ. rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fis epWTtjw;Fj; jUf;f mwpT ed;F gad;gl;bUf;fpwJ. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tp kugpy; ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> rpj;jhe;jk;> jUf;fk;> Nrhjplk; vd;gtw;wpy; jdj;jdpNa ghz;bj;jpak; cs;stu;fSk; ,Ue;jpUf;fpwhu;fs;.
mf;fhyf; fy;tpjugpy; Nghjpf;fg;lg;l ghlj;jpl;lj;jpidg; gpd;tUk; cjajhuifr; nra;jp $yk; mwpaf;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
........ ,g;nghOJ gbg;gpf;Fk; jkpo;f; fy;tpfshtd muptup> Mj;jpR+b> nfhd;iwNte;jd;> jpUts;Stu; Fwy;> ey;top> thf;Fz;lhk;> ed;ndwp> ePjpntz;gh> ehybahu;> rJufuhjp> tho;j;Jkhiy> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fg; Gfo;r;rpkhiy> jpUts;St khiy> fzf;F> me;jhjp> ieljk;> Nrhjplk;> kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> epfz;L> mUk;nghUs;tpsf;fk;> ,uhtzrpj;ju; R+j;jpuk;> fhtpak;> ed;D}y;> itj;jpa rh];jpuk;> Mfkk; KjyhditfNs.4
khztu;fSf;F Nkw;fhl;ba E}y;fSk;> ,itNghd;w gpwE}yfSk; Nghjpf;fg;l;Ls;sd. kddkhf;FjYk;> xg;Gtpj;jYk;> tpsf;fk; $wYNk mf;fhyf; fy;tp kugpd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tpsq;fpaJ.
mf;fhyj;J Mrpupau;fSf;Fr; r%f me;j];J kpf cau;e;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ. khztu;fSk; kjpf;fg;gl;lhu;fs;. khztu;fs; kl;Lkd;wpg; ngw;NwhUk;> Cutu;fSk; Mrpupau;fis kjpj;Jk; Nghw;wpAk; te;J;sdu;. ngupatu;fs;> Mrpupau;fisNa MNyhrid ngWjy;> ehs;ghu;j;jy;> FLk;gg;gpzf;Ffisj; jPu;j;jy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhf ehbAs;sdu;. Mrpupau;fs;> itj;jpak;> Nrhkplk; vd;gtw;wpy; GyikAk; gapw;rpAk; ngw;Wr; r%fg; gad;ghLilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;lik Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; Flhehl;by; ngz; fy;tp ,Ue;j epiyia aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp gpd;tUkhW $Wk;.
“kp]dupkhu; te;j fhyj;jpy; gbj;j Mltu; Mq;fhq;F fhzg;gl;lhYk; gbj;j ];jpupfisf; fhz;gJ mupjhk;. Mjp mnkupf;f kp]dupkhu; aho;g;ghzk; te;jnghOJ (1316) aho;g;ghz ehl;by ghb eldk; nra;Ak; ngz;fistpl ,uz;L RNjrg; ngz;fSf;F khj;jpuk; vOj thrpf;fj; njupAnkd;W mk;kp]dupkhUs; xUtu; vOjpapUf;fpwhu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; ngz;gps;isfs; gbj;jy; kugd;W vdf; fUjg;gl;lJ.|| 5
mf;fhyr; r%f mikg;gpy; ngz; fy;tp Kf;fpak; ngwtpy;iy vd;gJ ed;F Gydhfpd;wJ. kuGtopf; fy;tpapy; Gyik ngw;w ngz; guk;giuiaAk; Kjd; Kiwahf tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNyNa fhzKbfpwJ. ghuk;gupaf; fy;tptopte;j Kjd; Kiwahf kJiuj; jkpo;g; gz;bju; guPl;irapy; ,U ngz;gps;isfs; rpj;jpnaa;jf; fhuzkhapUe;j ghu;gjp mk;ikahu; GNyhyp t. fzgjpg;gps;isAila rNfhjupahtu;. ,tu; irtg; ngupahu; rptghjRe;judhupd; khkpahu;. ghu;gjp mk;ikahu;gw;wpg; gz;bjkzp rp. fzgjpg;gps;is $WtJ kdk;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
ghu;gjp mk;ikahiug; ghwhr;rpnad toq;FtJ tof;fk;. thd;kPfjijr; rk];fpUjj;jpy; thrpj;J tpsf;fk; nra;Ak; jpwik me;j mk;ikahUf;F ,Ue;jJ. Fwpj;j FLk;gj;jpy; ,U ngz;gps;isfs; kpf ,sk; gUtj;jpy; kJiug; gz;bj guPl;irapy; rpj;jpnaa;jitj;jtu; ghu;gjp mk;ikahu;. njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjypa ,yf;fzq;fisf; fij nrhy;tJ Nghw; fw;gpj;J tpLthu; vd;W Nfs;tp.|| 6
,t;thW tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ngz;fs; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; cilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;likf;Fk; Mjhuq;fs; fpilf;fpd;wd. vOj;jwpT trjp fpilf;fhj ngz;fSk; Guhz gldk;> gpurq;fq;fs; Mfpad%yk; Guhz ,jpfhr mwpTilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. ghujk;> ,uhkhazk;> fe;jGuhzk; vd;gtw;iw ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jikapdhw;whd; ,tu;fs; tha;nkhopahfg; ghLk; xg;ghupfspy;> mUr;Rdd;> tPkd;> jpnusgij> ,uhkd;> $dp> rFdp> R+u;g;gdif Nghd;w ngau;fisAk; fijj; njhlu;GfisAk; ifahz;ldNuh vd vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ. rhjhuzkhd epfo;r;rpfisr; Rl;b tpsf;Fk;nghOJ vOj;J thridNa mwpahj ngz;fs; ghuj ,uhkhazg; ghj;jpuq;fisr; Rl;LtJk;> fij epfo;r;rpfisf; fhl;b tpsf;FtJk;> VRtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; “ghl;bf;fij kuGfs;|| $lg; ngUk;ghYk; Guhz ,jpfhr kugpidnahl;baitahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gps;isg;gUtj;jpy; ehd; ghl;baplk; Nfl;l fijfs; ngUk;ghYk; Guhz ,jpfhr kugpidnahl;baitahfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. gps;isg;gUtj;jpy; ehd; ghl;baplk; Nfl;l fijfs; ngUk;ghYk; Njt mRu Aj;jf; fijfSk;> tPkNrd kfhuhrh> mUr;Rd kfhuhrh fijfSNk MFk;. VyNt Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghy tha;nkhop ,yf;fpa kuG vOj;jpyf;fpa kugpidr; nrOikahf;fpaJ NghyNt> vOj;jpyf;fpa kuGfSk; tha;nkhop kuGld; ,ize;Jk; toq;fpAs;sd. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; “jkpo; mwpT|| cs;s ngz;fs; fhzg;gl;likf;F Nkw;fhl;ba ghuk;gupaKk; xU fhuzkhfyhk;. “GNyhypA+u;g; ngupahu;|| vd <oj;jtuhy; kjpf;fg;gLk; R. rptghjRe;juk; jhk; vOjpa mfE}iyj jdf;Fj; jkpo; mwpT Cl;ba ghu;gjp mk;ikahUf;Ff; fhzpf;if ahf;fpAs;shu;.
,e;E}y;
vdJ khkpahUk;
vdf;Fj; jkpo;f;fy;tp A+l;batUkhfpa
jtr;nry;tpahu;
t. ghu;tjp mk;ikahUila
jpUtbfSf;Fr; rhj;jg;gl;lJ.
VyNt Fwpg;gpl;l fhzpf;if kuG FLk;gj;jpD}L njhlu;tijAk; mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; nkhopepiyiag; gw;wp Kd;Ng Nehf;fpAs;Nshk;. vdpDk; ghu;tjp mk;ikahu; “ghwhr;rp|| vd miof;fg;gl;lik kupahij fUjpNa vdyhk;. “Kjpu;g;ngz;bu;|| Mf tpsq;fpa ngz;fis “Mr;rp|| tpFjp Nru;j;J miog;gJ ,g;gFjpapd; tof;fk;. “ngUj;jhr;rp||> “mg;ghr;rp|| vd cwT Kiwg; ngz;ghw; nrhw;fSk; “ngupag;G||> “rPdpag;G||> “FQ;rpag;G||> “Mirag;G||> “rpd;dz;zd;||> ngupaz;zd;||> “Miraz;zd;||> “%j;jmk;khd;||> “Mirak;khd;||> “rPdpak;khd;|| Nghd;w Mz;ghy; cwTKiwr; nrhw;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; ,d;Dk; epyTfpd;wd.
,t;thwhd cwKiwg; ngau;fistpl mupahj;ij> G+jhj;ij> Ntjhj;ij Nghd;w ngz;ghy; ,LFwpg;Gg; ngau;fisAk; mupahj;ij tsT> G+jhj;ijtsT vd;w ngz;fspd; ngauhy; tsTfspd; ngau;fs; toq;FtijAk; fhzyhk;. ,g;ngau;fs; tlkuhl;rpapd; rpygFjpfSf;Fk; td;dpg;gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; cs;s cwtpd; fhuzkhf vOe;jNjh vd vz;zj; Njhd;WfpwJ. ngz;ghw; ngau;fisg; NghyNt rpyk;gd;> rpyk;gpahtsT> G+jd; tsT> G+jwhg;gpl;b (Xjwhg;gpl;b) Nghd;w ngau;fisAk; Mz;fspd; ngaNuhL Nru;j;J toq;Ftij ,d;Wk; fhzyhk;. ,t;thNw MidtpOe;jhd;. Midg;ge;jp Nghd;w ,lg;ngau;fs; tuyhw;Wj; njhlu;gpid epidTWj;Jtdthf ,g;gFjpapw; fhzg;gLfpfd;wd. fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;Jld; njhlu;Gila “nfhl;liftsT||> “$j;Jg;gpl;b||> gs;spf;$l tsT|| Nghd;w tsTg; ngau;fSk; ,g;gFjpapNy fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ngUk;ghUk; $j;Jg;gpl;b> nfhl;liftsT Nghd;w ,lg;ngau;fs; jho;j;jg;gl;Nlhu; r%fr; R+oypNyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
epWtduPjpahd fy;tp Kaw;rpfs;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; INuhg;gpau; tUifia nahl;b ,Ufpisg;gl;ljhf ,aq;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ vdyhk;. 16Mk;> 17Mk; E}w;whz;by; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; kjk; gug;Gk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhff; fy;tpiaNa Majkhff; nfhz;ldu;. tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapy; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lq;fs; ,Ue;j gFjpapNyNa jkJ fy;tp epiyaq;fisAk; epWtpdu; Kjypy; RNjrf; fy;tpiaNa ,tu;fSk; Nghjpj;jdu;. jhk; RNjrf; fy;tpiag; gapyTk; RNjrpfSld; gofTk; jpz;izg; gs;sf;$l Mrpupau;fisNa ehbdu;. ,t;thW Inuhg;gpaUld; njhlu;Gila Muk;gj; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lk; ,Ue;j ,lq;fspy; xd;W funtl;bapy; ,d;Wk; “gwq;fpahu; tsT|| vd;w ngaupy; epyTfpd;wJ. ,g;gwq;fpau; tstpy; ,Ue;J Mrpupau; guk;giu xd;W tsu;e;Js;sikiaAk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,g;gwq;fpahu; tsT> ghlrhiyia epWtpatu;fspd; Kd;NdhNu funtl;bg;gFjpapy; kpf cau;e;j rhjpf;fhuu;fshfTk; epyTilikahsuhfTk; ,Ue;jdu; vd;Wk;> ,tu;fspy; xUtiug; ghl;Lilj; jiytuhff; nfhz;L gpuge;jk; ghLtpf;Fk; Nehf;fkhfNt ey;Y}u; rpd;dj;jk;gpg; Gytu; tutiof;fg;gl;lhu; vd;Wk;> mtu; ,tu;fspd; Nghl;bahsUk; epyTilikahsUkhd “Ntyhj;ijAilahu;|| vd;gtuhy; “jpirjpUg;gg; gl;L|| te;j topapy; Ntyhj;ijAilahu;kPJ Nfhitg;gpuge;jk; ghbdhu; vd;Wk; mJNt fuit Ntyd; Nfhit vd;Wk; mwpa KbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; njhd;iktha;e;j fpwp];jt Njthyaq;fSk;> gs;spf;$lq;fSk; gutyhf cz;L. ,it fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; mnkupf;fkprd;> nkjb];jkprd; vd khw;wk;ngw;wNghJk; “Ntjg;gs;spf;$lk;|| vd;Nw RNjrpfshy; miof;fg;gl;ld. Muk;gj;jpy; fpwp];jtkjj;jpy; Nru;e;jtu;fis “Ntjf;fhuu;|| vd;Wk; jk;ikj; jkpou; vd;Wk; RNjrpfs; mioj;jdu;. ,g;gz;gpid ,d;Wk; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy fhzyhk;.
epWtduPjpahd fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyfs; epWtg;gl;likAk; mtw;wpd; ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;likAk;> mr;rpae;jpu tUifAk;> fhfpj cgNahfKk; kw;iwa gFjpfisg; NghyNt tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpiaAk; epahakhd msT ghjpj;jd. fy;tpf;fhfTk;> mf;fy;tp rhu;e;j nghUshjhu tha;g;Gf;fhfTk; ek;ktupy; gyu; fpwp];jtu;fshfNt khwpdu;. tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j gy fpuhkq;fspy; fpwp];jt NjthyaKk;> ghlrhiyAk; xNu tsTf;Fs;NsNa mikf;fg;gl;ld. cLg;gpl;b mnkupf;fd; kprd; fy;Y}up> gUj;jpj;Jiw `hl;ypf; fy;Y}up> cLg;gpl;b ngz;fs; ghlrhiy vd;gd ,e;jtifapy; tpje;Njhjf;$bait. ,g;ghlrhiyfSf;fhd epyj;ijf; fpwp];jt kjj;jpidr; rhuhj cs;Su;g; gpuGf;fs; ed;nfhilahf toq;fpaikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
cLg;gpl;bapy; jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lkhf ,aq;fpg; gpd; “jUkg; gs;spf;$lk;|| vdg; ngau; khw;wk;ngw;w mUsk;gy Kjypahupd; ghlrhiy gw;wpa nra;jpfs; cjajhuifg; gj;jpupifapy; mt;tg;NghJ ntspte;Js;sd. cLg;gpl;bapy; epWtg;gl;bUe;j mUsk;gyKjypahupd; ghlrhiy gw;wpa nra;jp nahd;wpid tif khjpupf;F ,q;F fhl;LNthk;.
tz;zhu;gz;iz fe;jg;g Fkhud; ,uhkypq;fu; rpwpJehisf;F Kd; tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j cLg;gpl;bapNy ];jhgpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;w jUkg; gs;spf;$lj;Jf;F te;J mg;gs;spf;$lj;J khztu;fisg; gupNrhjid gz;zpj jpUj;jzpif fe;jg;igau; Fkhuu; Mfpa tprhfg;ngUkhs; IaUk; fsj;J}u; Rthkp Kjypahu; Fkhud; Ntjfpup KjypahUk; gpioawg; gupNrhjpj;J ciunra;J mr;rpw; gjpg;gpj;j ,yf;fpa ,yf;fzq;fisAk; Ntjhfkq;fisAk; khzhf;fuJ ed;ikf;fhf gs;spf;$lj;jpNy itj;J toq;Fk;gb nfhLj;jJkd;wpr; rpy gy jupj;jpuuhd gps;isfSf;Fj; jd; nrhe;jr; nrythf t];jpuhfhuk; Kjypad nfhLj;J fy;tp gbf;fpwjw;F Maj;jk; gz;zpapUf;fpwhu;||. 7
rhjhuz jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;fl;lk; ,JthFk;. ,g;gs;spf;$lk; epWtpa mUk;gy Kjypahupd; kdf;jhd; cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. <oj;jpy; mjpfkhd gpuge;jq;fisg; ghbatUk; tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpatsj;jpYk; Kf;fpa gq;fshsuhfTk; rptrk;Gg; Gytu; fhzg;gLfpwhu;.
fpwp];jtj;jpd; tUifAk;> ghlrhiyfs; epWtg;gl;likAk; fy;tpkugpYk; ,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpYk; epahakhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik jtpu;f;fKbahjNj.
fpwp];jtu;fs;> fl;ilNtyp> tjpup> my;tha;> GNyhyp> cLg;gpl;b> gUj;jpj;Jiw> jpf;fk; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy; gy;NtW juj;jpy; fpwp];jt ghlrhiyfs; epWtpdu;. RNjrpfSk; ,tw;wpw;Fg; Nghl;bahfr; irtg; ghlrhiyfisAk; fpuhkq;fspy; epWtpdu;. murhq;f cjtp fpilf;fhjNghJk; jk; mgpkhdj;jhYk;> fbd ciog;ghYk;> Cutu;fspd; cjtp xj;jhirahYk; ,g;ghlrhiyfs; capu;tho;e;jd vdyhk;.
funtl;bapd; tlf;nfy;iyahd tjpupapy; Nyhyp vy;iy vd;W Xu; ,lKz;L. ,q;F fpwp];jt NjthyaKk;> fpwp];jt ghlrhiyAk; mike;jpUf;fpd;wd. nt];ypad; vy;iy vd;gJ Nyhyp vy;iynadj; jpupe;jJ vdf; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,d;W ,t;tplj;jpy; cs;s mk;kd; Myak; Nyhyp vy;iy mk;kd; Myak; vd;Wk;> cy;ypad; vy;iy mk;kd; Myak; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. nt];ypad; vy;iy vd;w nrhy; kUtp te;jpUf;fNtz;Lk;. ,d;W ,t;thyaj;j vy;iyak;kd; vd;w nghUspYk; ,t;T+u; kf;fs; topgLfpd;wdu;. ,t; nt];ypad; vy;iyg; gs;spf;$lj;jpw;Fk; ePz;l ehs;fshfg; Nghl;bAk; gpzf;Fk; ,Ue;Jte;jikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Muk;gfhy fpwp];jt ghlrhiyfspYk; Xustpw;Fr; rhjpaikg;G Ngzg;glNtz;ba mtrpak; (epu;g;ge;jk;) ghjpupfSf;F Vw;gl;lJ vd;W mwpaf;fplf;fpwJ. cs;@u; cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fSk; gpuGf;fSk; jq;fs; gps;isfisf; fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyf;Nf mDg;gpdu;. Mq;fpyf; fy;tpAk; Ml;rpahsupd; mDruizAk; ,tu;fspd; me;j];Jg; NgZiff;F mtrpakhf ,Ue;jik ,jw;Ff; fhuzkhfyhk;. “Ntjg; gs;spf;$lq;fSf;Fs;|| $l jho;j;jg;gl;ltu;fs; tFg;gpw;Fs; rkkhf ,Ue;J fy;tp fw;f Kbahj epiy ,Ue;jjhfTk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. vdpDk; RNjrpfspd; gs;spf;$lq;fspy; ,Ue;j ,Wf;fk; fpwp];jt gs;spf;$lq;fspy; epyttpy;iy vd;gJk; cz;ikNa.
,t;thwhd fy;tpkuG Njhd;wp tsu;e;j tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; jpz;izg; gs;spfs;> fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyfs;> RNjrpfs; epWtpa ghlrhiyfs;> ,e;Jg;Nghl; epWtpa ghlrhiyfs; vdg; gy ghlrhiyfSk; gpd; murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfSk; vdg; gy;NtW ghlrhiyfs; ,aq;fpf;nfhz;bUe;jd. ,it ,g;gFjpapd; fy;tp epiyiaAk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;ijAk; NgZgitahfTk;> tsu;g;gitahfTk; nraw;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jq;fs; gps;isfisf; fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;f mDg;gpa cau; rhjpf;fhuu;fs; gyu; irtg; gs;spf;$lq;fspd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ngupJk; ghLgl;Ls;sikAk; ,g;gFjpapNy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpWghd;ikr; r%fj;jtu;f;nfd cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fs; Mq;fhq;F rpy gs;spf;$lq;fSk; epWtpAs;sdu;. Muk;gf; fy;tpNa ,q;F Nghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. “ifnaOj;J|| itf;fg; goFkstpw;fhd gbg;G epWtdq;fshfNt ,it fhzg;gl;ld.
,j;jifa R+oy;fspNyjhd; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; gs;su; r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j jpU. fh. R+ud; mtu;fshy; xU ghlrhiy epWtg;gl;lJ. me;jf; fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,j;jifa Kaw;rp xU mRurhjidnadyhk;. Njtiuahsp ,e;Jfy;Y}upnad toq;Fk; mg;ghlrhiy Muk;gfhyj;jpy; Njtuahsp irttpj;jpahrhiynad miof;fg;gl;lJ. tlkuhl;rpapd; “rhjpkhd;fSlDk;||> fpwp];jtg; ghlrhiyfSlDk; Nghl;b Nghl;L kpFe;j rpukj;jpw;F kj;jpapy; ,g;ghlrhiyia jpU. R+ud; mtu;fs; fl;bnaOg;gpdhu;fs;. rpWghd;ikr; r%fj;jpdupd; fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhf ,g;gs;spf;$lk; mike;jJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa rhjpnajpu;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lq;fspd; gpd;dzpia Muha;e;J ghu;f;Fk; nghOJ Njtiuahsp irttpj;jpahrhiy rhj;tPfg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Kjw;gbahf mikfpwJ vdyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; jpU. R+ud; mtu;fSf;F Kf;fpa ,lk; cz;L. rpWghd;ik kfd; xUtd;> fpwp];jt kjj;jpw;F vjpuhfTk; fy;tptsu;r;rpf;fhfTk; vLj;j Kaw;rp tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ. jpU R+ud; mtu;fspd; Muk;g fhyf; fy;tp Kaw;rpAk;> mtupd; ghlrhiyapd; tsu;r;rpg; gbfSk; fhyj;jpd; Nfhyj;ijAk; r%f cwT epiyg;ghl;ilAk; ed;F vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
jpU. R+udpd; Kaw;rpf;F mf;fhyj;jpypUe;j cs;Su; cau;rhjpf;fhuu;fs; ,;d;dy; tpistpj;jNghJk;> rpyu; cs;shu;e;j cjtpfisAk; nra;Js;sdu; vd;gij R+ud; mtu;fNs Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;fs;. fpwp];jt kjj;ijj; jOtp jkJ r%f me;j];ij cau;j;jpf;nfhs;s tpUk;ghj irtg;gw;wpdhy; ,tu; vLj;j Kaw;rp ghuhl;lf;$baJ. ,tupd; ghlrhiyf;fhd epjpNrfupg;G Kaw;rpgw;wpa tpsk;guk; ,e;Jrhjdg; gj;jpupifapYk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
jhd; epWtpa ghlrhiyapy; Muk;gf;fhyq;fspy; jhNd jiyik MrpupauhfTk; jdJ kidtpAk; jk;igah vd;gtUNk cjtp Mrpupau;fshfTk; ,Ue;Js;sdu;. Muk;gfhyj;jpy; ,g;ghlrhiyf;F cau;e;j rhjpf;fhu Mrpupau;fis epakpf;fj; jhk; gl;l ,d;diyr; R+ud; mtu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;fs;. 8
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehnlq;fpYk; jho;j;jg;gl;NlhUf;Ff; fy;tp kWf;fg;gl;l R+o;epiyapy; tlkuhl;rpapy; xU Njtiuahsp irt tpj;jpahrhiy Njhd;wp tsu;e;jJ mRurhjidNa. kpf mz;ikf; fhyktiu rpWghd;ikj; jkpo; khztu;fs; ghlrhiyfSfFs; rkkhfg; gpuNtrpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJk; cz;ikNa.
ehq;fs; khztu;fshf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpNy jkpo;g; ghlrhiyfspNy rpWghd;ikj; jkpo; khztupd; njhif kpff; FiwT. mt;thW gbj;jtu;fSk; tFg;giwapypUe;J gbf;f mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. ntspNa jho;thuj;jpy; epd;Nw mtu;fs; gbg;gJ tof;fk;||.9
,g;gbahd fhyr; R+o;epiyapy; R+udtu;fs; vLj;j Kaw;rpjhd;> irtg;Gytu; ty;ypGuk;> my;itA+u;f; ftpQu; K. nry;iyah Kjypa fw;Nwhiu mr; r%fj;jpw;Fj; je;jJ.
J}a irt tho;T tho;e;j R+ud; mtu;fs; ftpapaw;WtjpYk; gjpfq;fs; ghLtjpYk; ty;ytu;. gpw;fhyq;fspy; jpiug;gl tpku;rdq;fSk; vOjpAs;shu;. ,tu; vOjpa guhrf;jp gl tpku;rdNk ekf;Fj; njupe;j tiuapy; <oj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf ntspte;j xU gl tpku;rd E}yhFk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ,d;W vz;gJf;Fk; mjpfkhd murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,itahTk; Muk;g epiyfspypUe;J Cw;nwLj;J tsu;e;J te;jitNa.
KisapNyNa fUfpg; Nghd> gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; mope;j> mopf;fg;gl;l fy;tp epWtdq;fSk; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy ,Ue;jpUf;fpd;wd. murhq;f cjtp ,y;yhikahYk; Cutu;fspd; cjtp xj;jhirapd;ikahYk; ,it epfo;e;jd vdyhk;.
3 . 3 fy;tp njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpid Nehf;Fk; nghOJ epWtd uPjpahd> mikg;gpidr; rhuhJ. jdpahu; rpyuhYk;> xU rpy FothYk;> rdr%f epiyaq;fs;> fpuhk Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fq;fs;> thrpfrhiyfs; vd;gdtw;whYk;m fy;tpg;gzp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. ,it E}yfkhfTk;> thuj;jpnyhUKiwahtJ nrhw;nghopTfs; eilngWk; ,lkhfTk;> Guhz> ,yf;fz> ,yf;fpa tFg;Gf;fs; eilngWkplkhfTk; toq;fp te;Js;sd. ,it xt;nthU rpWrpW epiyaq;fshfTk; rhjpaikg;Gf;Fl;gl;litahfTk; epytp te;Js;sd. jq;fs; jq;fs; rhjpapd; cau;it epWtTk; ,f;fy;tp epWtdq;fs; gad;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpd; ngau; rhjpapd; ngauhy; my;yJ jk; rhjpapd; Kjd;ik ngw;w Guhz ,jpfhr ehafu;fspd; ngauhy; epWtg;gl;ld. cjhuzkhf> cl;lf;$j;ju; rdr%fepiyak;> jpUePyfz;lu; klhyak;> tp];tFy Kd;Ndw;w epiyak; vd;W toq;fpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,it gpw;gl> ts;Stu; rdr%f epiyak;> ghujp gbg;gfk; vd;W ngau; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sd. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; ,it Kf;fpa mq;fkhf ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.
Jd;dhiyiar; Nru;e;j jpUePyfz;l njhz;lu; kl Myak; mt;tplj;jpYs;s Fatu; Flk;gj;jpdu; epWtpajhFk;. ,jp;y; fy;tp Kaw;rpfs; eilngw;wpUf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; ,Ue;Nj Jd;dhiyiar; Nru;e;j GytUk;> gz;bju; vd miof;fg;gl;ltUkhd jpU. jh. KUNfR mtu;fs; Njhd;wpAs;shu;fs;. ,tu; jkpo; ehl;bYk; rpy fhyk; tho;e;J ngUk; Gfo; ngw;wtuhthu;. 10
eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;is mtu;fs; tho;e;j ,lj;jpy; mtupd; ngauhy; ,d;Wk; xU ey;y E}y; epiyak; ,aq;fptUfpd;wJ. Mz;L NjhWk; tpohntLj;J> kyUk; ntspapLfpd;wdu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; ghuk;gupaj;jpidg; NgZk; tifapy; jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; fyhepiyak; xd;W GNyhypapy; ,d;Wk; rpwg;ghf ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; rdr%f epiyaq;fs;> thrpfrhiyfs; tfpj;j gq;Fk; Kf;fpakhdJ vdyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpYk; thzp fiyf;fofk; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. 1953Mk; Mz;L tiuapy; gz;bju; f. tPufj;jpatu;fshy; ,J epWtg;gl;lJ tlkuhlrpapypUe;Jkl;Lky;y Flhehl;bd; gy gFjpfspypUe;Jk; khztu;fs; ,q;F te;J gapd;wdu;. ,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> jUf;fk;> rpj;jhe;jk; vd;Dk; ghlq;fs; ,q;F elj;jg;gl;ld. <oj;Jr; rhe;jp epNfjdkhf mikaNtz;Lnkd ,jd; ,yl;rpak; ,Ue;jJ. gpuNtr gz;bju;> ghygz;bju;> gz;bju; guPl;irf;Fj; Njhw;wpa gyu; ,jpy; gbj;J tpNrl rpj;jpAk; ngw;wdu;. irtgupghyd rigapdu; elj;jpa irtg;Gytu; guPl;irapy; ,f;fofj;jpypUe;J Njhw;wpg; gyu; jpwikr; rpj;jp ngw;wdu;. gy Cu;> gyrhjp khztu;fSk; xU gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gapYjy; Nghd;w czu;Tld; ,q;F gapd;wdu;. ,q;F fw;gpj;jtu;fSs; gz;bju; tPufj;jp> irtg; Gytu; v];. ty;ypGuk;> Gytu; GtNd];tup> gz;bju; nghd;. fNzrd; Nghd;wtu;fs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;. Cjpak; vJTkpd;wp khztuplk; Ntjdk; ngwhJ ,t;thzp fiyf;fofk; ,aq;fpaik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfj;jpNyNa Kjd; Kjy; njhy;fhg;gpaUf;F tpohntLj;J ngUik ,f;fofj;ijNa rhUk;. mofhd Mz;L kyu;fis ntspapl;L tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; Ngzpa ngUik ,jw;Fz;L. <oj;jpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; ,f;fofj;jpd; khztu;fs; ,d;Wk; GfOld; tpsq;Ffpwhu;fs;.
jkpo;ehl;bypUe;J tUifjUk; NguwpQu;fs; gyu; ,f;fofj;jpw; nrhw;nghopT Mw;wpaJld; ,f;fofj;ijg; ghuhl;bAk;> tho;j;jpAk; nrd;Ws;sdu;. m.r. Qhdrk;ge;jd;> fp.th. [fe;ehjd;> Fd;wf;Fb mbfs;> tp[aghujp jk;gjpapdu;> tr;rpuNtY Kjypahu;> rh. fNzrd; Nghd;Nwhu; Fwpg;gplf;$batu;fs;. 1962Mk; Mz;L rpwe;j Xu; Mz;L kyiuAk; ,f;fofk; ntspapl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
thzp fiyf;fofk; khztu;fis cUthf;fpaJld; r%fj; njhz;bYk; khztu;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspj;Js;sJ. Gj;jf ntspaPl;L Kaw;rpfisAk; ,f;fofk; Nkw;nfhz;lik Fwpg;gplf;$baJ.
3 . 4 fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaKk; vOj;jpyf;fpaKk;
jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpYk;> jkpo;f;fy;tpg; gug;gpYk; jkpo; ciueil tsu;r;rpapYk; mr;rpae;jpurhiyfs; ngw;w Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fs; Vl;lstpy; epd;W mope;JNghfhJ mit mr;Rthfdk; Vwpj; jkpo; $W ey;Yynfq;fZk; ftdpte;j fhyj;jpNy tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapYk; mr;rfq;fs; epWtg;gl;ld. mit gbg;gbahf mstpYk;> NtiyapYk;> ngUfj; njhlq;fpd. ehtyu; mr;Rf;$lk; nfhz;Lte;j fhyg;gFjpia mLj;J tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapYk; mr;Rf;$lq;fs; epWtg;gl;ljhf mwpa KbfpwJ. gUj;jpj;Jiw> ty;ntl;bj;Jiw Mfpa ,lq;fspNyNa tlkuhl;rpapd; Kjy; mr;Rf;$lq;fs; mike;jd.
jdf;nfd mr;Rf;$lk; xd;wpid epWtpf;nfhz;ljd; %yk;
,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau; ehtyu; ifahz;l eilKiw
nahd;iwg; gpd;gw;wpdhnud;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.|| 11
vd;W Nguhrpupau; fhu;j;jpNfR rpyj;jk;gp $WtJ tlkuhl;rpapy; Muk;gfhyq;fspNyNa mr;Rf;$lq;fspd; tUif njhlq;fptpl;ld vd;gjw;F Mjhukhfpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa mr;Rf;$lq;fs; XusTf;F (mf;fhy) ,g;gFjpapd; mr;Rj; Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;jdntd;Nw fUjNtz;bAs;sJ. ty;ntl;bj;Jiw ghujP epiya Kj;jpuhl;rurhiy> Jk;gis fyhepjp mr;Rae;jpurhiy> tpahghup%iy fyhgtd mr;rfk;> ney;ypab rptFf mr;Rae;jpurhiyfs; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy njhopw;gl;ld. ,jdhYk; GyikAk;> mwpTk; tpUj;jpahFk; tha;g;G cz;lhdnjdyhk;.
,t;tr;Rf;$lq;fs; gioa Vl;Lg;gpujpfisg; gupNrhjidgz;zp mr;rpLtjpYk;> ntspahd E}y;fSf;F ciunaOjpg; gjpg;gpj;jypYk;> Cs;Su;g; Gytu;fspd; Mf;fq;fisAk; fz;ldj; Jz;Lg; gpuRuq;fisAk;> rujktpfisAk; mr;rpLtjpYk; ngUk;ghd;ikAk; <Lgl;bUe;jd. gpw;gFjpfspy; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs;> gQ;rhq;fq;fs;> Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;> tho;j;J kly;fs;> miog;gpjo;fs;> tpsk;guq;fs; vd;gdtw;iwAk; mr;rpl;Ls;sd. ,t;tr;Rf;$lq;fis epWtpatu;fs; jkpowpTk;> jkpo;g;gw;W Ks;stu;fshff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
,t;tr;Rf;$lq;fspy; aho;g;ghzd; epWtpa fyhgtd mr;Rf;$lk; ,yf;fpa ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfNshL ngUkstpy; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fisAk; mr;rpl;L ntspapl;Ls;sJ. mr;rfq;fs; ntspaPl;L epWtdq;fshfTk;> Gj;jf tpw;gdT epiyaq;fshfTk; njhopw;gl;lNjhL E}y;epiyakhfj; njhopw;gl;likiaAk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ. Jk;gisapw; Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs; epWtpa mr;Rf;$lj;Jld; ‘Gj;jfj; jUkhyak;| vd;w xU E}yfj;ijAk; epWtpapUe;jhu;. gzq;nfhLj;J thq;fpg; gbf;f itj;jhuhk;. ,t;tr;rfKk; E}y;epiyaKk; ,d;W mbNahlope;Js;sJ. ,e;j ,lj;ij .,d;Wk; “mr;Rf;$lj;jb|| vd;Nw nghJkf;fs; miof;fpd;wdu;.
gj;jpupiffs;
tlkuhl;rpapy; epWtg;gl;l mr;rpae;jpurhiyfspypUe;J mt;tg;NghJ gj;jpupiffSk; ntspte;Js;sd. ty;ntl;bj;Jiw ghujP epiya Kj;jpuhl;rurhiyapypUe;J irthgpkhdp vd;Dk; gj;jpupif khj ntspaPlhf ntspte;jJ. ,g;gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupahuhf ty;it itapj;jpaypq;fk;gps;isapd; kztUk; cwtpdUkhd ngh.Qhdrghgjpg;gps;is gzpahw;wpdhu;. ,g;gj;jpupif rka r%fg; gzpiaNa Kjd;ikahdjhff; nfhz;baq;fpaNghJk; ,yf;fpa> ,yf;fz tplaq;fSf;Fk; Nghjpa ,lkspj;Js;sJ vdj; njupatUfpwJ. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ntspte;j gj;jpupiffspYk; ,Jnt %j;jjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;gj;jpupifapy; tlkuhl;rpf;F ntspapY;ss mwpQu;fspd; Mf;fq;fSk; thjg;gpujpthjq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ty;it itapj;jpypq;fk;gps;isapd; [duQ;rfkhd gilg;Gf;fSk;> r%fr; rPu;NfLfisr; Rl;b vOe;j ghly;> ciueil tplaq;fSk; ,g;gj;jpupifapy; ntspte;jjhf mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mtu; gy;NtW Gidngau;fspy; ,tw;iw vOjpdhu; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
tjpupapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j Qhdrpj;jp ae;jpurhyapy; ,Ue;J mjd; cupikahsu; tpj;Jthd; rp.ehfypq;fk;gps;is vd;gtiu Mrpupauhff;nfhz;L Qhdrpj;jp vd;Dk; gj;jpupif ntspte;jJ. VyNt ,tupd; jikadhu; tpj;Jthd; jhNkhjuk;gps;is tz;zhu; gz;izapy; ,Ue;J ntspapl;l Qhdrpj;jp gj;jpupifiaNa ,tu; tjpupapy; ,Ue;J ntspapl;lhu;. (1934Mk; Mz;L Vg;gpuy; 13 ,jopy;) Qhdrpj;jpg; gj;jpupifapy; gpd;tUk; tpQ;Qhgdk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.
1908Mk; Mz;L khrpkhjj;jpy; vdJ jikadhu; Qhdrpj;jp vd;Dk; gj;jpupifia aho;g;ghzj;jpNy Muk;gpj;J ehd;F tUl fhyk; gpuRuQ;nra;jhu;fs;. gpd; mit Gj;jfkhff; fl;btpw;fg;gl;ld. 1915Mk; Mz;L mg;Gj;jfq;fs; mUikahd gbahy; gyUk; MtYld; NjLthuhapdu;. ,jidf; nfhz;L ahk; Qhdrpj;jpia ,uz;lhtJ Kiwahf mr;rplyhnkd epidj;J rpy md;gu;fNshL Nahrid nra;jjpy; mtu;fs; ek;ikg; ngupJk; cw;rhfg;gLj;jpdhu;fs;. gzKl;ljpfkhd ,f;fhy epiyikfspYk; Nahrpj;Jj; njhlq;Fk;gbAk; Gj;jp Gfl;bdhu;fs;.
irtrkaj;jpd; jw;fhy epiyia Nehf;Fk;NghJ Rk;khtpUf;f kdk;tuhky; jpUtUisNa
Jizahff; nfhz;L jikadhu; mtu;fs; nra;J Nghe;j njhz;ilg; gpd;gw;wpr; nra;Jtu
vz;zp Qhdrpj;jpg; gj;jpupifiag; gpufhQ; nra;Jtu Kd;te;Njhk;.||
Qhdrpj;jpg; gj;jpuhjpgu;
,jpypUe;J gj;jpupif ntspaPl;L epWtdq;fshfTk; mr;rfq;fs; njhopw;gl;lik Gydhfpd;wJ. Gj;jfntspaPL tpw;gid> ciu vd;gtw;wpw;F Qhdrpj;jpapy; te;j tpsk;guk; xd;W Fwpg;gplf;$bau;.
jQ;ir thzd; Nfhit
Fd;wj;J}u; ml;lhtjhdp nrhf;fg;gehju; ciuAk;
tpj;Jthd; rp. ehfypq;fk;gps;is ,aw;wpa>
E}yhrpupau;> ciuahrpupau; rupj;jpuk; gytif Muha;r;rpf;
Fwpg;G vd;gitfSk; mlq;fpAs;sd.
Qhdrpj;jp mr;rpae;jpurhiy>
gjpg;ghrpupau; rp. ehfypq;fk;gps;is
1935 – Gul;lhjp.
mr;rfq;fspd; gzpia gpuNjr vy;iyf;Fs; mlf;Fjy; rhyhJ. mr;Rg;gzp fhyq;flj;Jk;> Njrq;flj;Jk; epd;W epiyg;git. Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfspd; gQ;rhq;fk; jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yynfq;Fk; gue;jpUe;jikAk; rpwe;jpUe;jikAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
gioa Vl;Lg;gpujpfspypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;L mr;RthfdNkwpa ehl;lhu; ghly;fisAk; ,g;gFjpapy; fhzKbfpwJu;. tlkuhl;rpf;F mg;ghy;> tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;kpf;f td;dpts ehl;by; toq;fpa Ntyg;gzpf;fu; ngz;rhjp – mupahj;jiNgupy; xg;ghup vd;Dk; E}y; fPiof;fuit t.fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fshy; ney;ypab rptFf mr;rpae;jpurhiyapw; gjpg;gpf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
mr;rfq;fs; gd;Kfg;gl;l gzpapid Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sikiaf; Fwpg;gpLk;nghOJ gj;jpupiffs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. mr;rf cupikAk;> trjpAkw;wtu;fDk; gj;jpupiffs; elhj;jpAs;sdu;. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; NgZfpd;w mNjNtisapy; <oj;jpd; nghJthd yf;fpag;Nghf;fpw;Fk; Nehf;fpw;Fk; <LnfhLj;J ,it ,aq;fpAs;sd. <okzp> Njrj;njhz;ld;> fz;fs;> irtNghjpdp Kjypa gj;jpupiffSk; tho;e;J kbe;jpUf;fpd;wd. <okzp gw;wpa tpguq;fs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. Njrj;njhz;ld; khjg; gpuRukhf - ,yf;fpak;> r%fk;> tuyhW> murpay; vd;w gFjpfisf; nfhz;L ntspte;Js;sJ. ,jd; MrpupaUk; mjpgUk; aho;g;ghzj;Jf; fl;ilNtypA+u; gz;bju; N[. v];. Mo;thg;gps;is vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.
irtNghjpdp gUj;jpj;Jiw irtg;gpufhr rigahuhy; irtrkapfs; Kd;Ndw;wk; fUjp ntspaPlg;gLk; Xu; khjg; gj;jpupif vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. irtrkaf; fl;LiufSk;> Mrq;iffSk; ,lk;ngw;w ,g;gj;jpupifapy; tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j mwpQu;fs; gyu; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;su;. funtl;bfpof;F f. nghd;dk;;gy cghj;jpahau;> Nguhrpupau; rptj;jk;gp mtu;fspd; je;ijahu; gz;bju; fhu;j;jpNfR Nghd;Nwhu; gyNtW jiyg;Gf;fsp;;y; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. R. rptghjRe;juk; njhlu;e;J ,g;gj;jpupifapw; rkaf; fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;sikAk; mtjhdpf;ff;$baJ.
“fz;fs;|| gj;jpupif my;itA+u; Mrpupau; R. fzgjpg;gps;is mtu;fis Mrpupauhff;nfhz;L ntspte;jJ. mtiur; “Rfzh|| vd miog;gu;. r%f rPu;jpUj;jk;> rhjp vjpu;g;G> ,yf;fpak;> ehty;> rpW fij vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fp XusT jp.K.f. ghzpapy; ntspte;j rQ;rpifahFk;. mjd; ml;il fWg;Gk; rptg;GkhfNt mike;jpUe;jJ. mz;zh> <.Nt.uh. NghdNwhupd; glq;fSk;> nghd;nkhopfSk; fz;fspy; ,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Kf;fpa gFjpfspnyhd;whd funtl;biar; Nru;e;j rp. rptQhdRe;juj;ij Mrpupauhff; nfhz;L ntsptUk; rpupj;jpud; gj;jpupifia ,t;tplj;jpy; Fwpg;gpLtJ Kf;fpakhdJ. ,g;gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupau; jdpj;Jepd;W <oj;J ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F ts%l;Lk; tlkuhl;rpapd; gpujpepjpfspy; Kf;fpakhdtuhfpwhu;. jdpNa eifr;Ritia khj;jpuk; nfhz;L Muk;gj;jpy; ntspte;j rpupj;jpud; ,d;W ehty;> rpWfij> ftpij> Gjf;ftpij> Nfs;tp gjpy; vd;Nw gy;NtW mk;rq;fisf;nfhz;L ntsptUfpd;wJ. ,g;gj;jpupifapy; ,lk;ngWk; eifr;Ritj; Jzf;Ffs; gytw;wpy; tlkuhl;rpapd; Kj;jpiu njuptJz;L.
rptQhdRe;juk; jpdfud; gj;jpupifapy; jpdKk; ntspapl;l rthupj;jk;gu; vd;Dk; fUj;Njhtpatpsf;fk; mf;fhyj;jpy; ngUkjpg;igAk; nry;thf;ifAk; ngw;wpUe;jJ. Nghuhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp jpdfud; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpNyNa rthupj;jk;giu mwpJKfQ;nra;Jitj;jhu;. tlkuhl;rpapy; tho;e;j jk;gu; vd;Dk; rhjhuz kdpjid (mtUf;Fg; gl;lg;ngau; rthupj; jk;gu;) ehlwpAk; xU ghj;jpukhf khw;wpAs;shu;. jk;gu; ,yf;fpak;> epfz;L vd;gtw;iwf; fw;W mwpe;jNjhL kpfTk; Kw;Nghf;Fr; rpe;jid cs;stuhfTk; fhzg;gl;ltu;. ney;ypab klj;jpy; FbauR gj;jpupifiag; gyu;f;Fk; gbj;Jf;fhl;batu;. <.Nt. uhtpd; Fbaurpy; mq;fj;jtuhf ,UE;jtu; vd;Wk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,tUld; ,ize;J FbauRg; gj;jpupif gbj;jtu;fSk;> Kw;Nghf;fpid tsu;j;jtu;fSkhd FO xd;W ney;ypabapy; ,aq;fpte;jJ. ,tu;fNs <.Nt.uhit ney;ypabf;F mioj;Jf; $l;lk; elj;jpf; fy;nywpgl;ltu;fshtu;. mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu FbauR fe;jg;G> FbauR nry;iyah Nghd;w “tpUJg; ngau;fSld;| tho;e;jtu;fisAk; ney;ypabapNt fhzyhk;.
,t;thW Kf;fpak; ngw;w rthupj;jk;giuAk;> mtupd; ez;gdhd rpd;df;Fl;biaAk;> funtl;bapy; ,d;Wk; thOk; fpl;bziuAk;> tpf;fpupiaAk;> ed;didAk; ghj;jpukhff; nfhz;L jpU. rptQhdRe;juk;> Re;ju; vDk; ngaupy; tiue;j Xtpaq;fs eifr;RitNahL r%fr;rPu;jpUj;jj;ijAk;> tlkuhl;rpapd; gof;ftof;fq;fisAk;> nkhopeiliaAk; ntspf;nfhzu;e;jd. ,tu; ifahz;l %ly;> gdq;fop> rTf;fk;> ngl;lfk;> rj;jfk;> rjpuYf;F> rhthup> rpd;dNksk;> ijyhg;ngl;b Kjypa nrhw;fs; tlkuhl;rpia ,dq;fhl;Ltd. mj;NjhL thuntspaPLspyl “rpj;jpufhdk.;|| vDk; jyg;gpy; rpdpkhg; ghly;fSf;Fr; rPu;jpUj;jkhd Nfypr;rpj;jpuq;fisAk; tiue;Js;shu;. (glk; - 2)
Nfhapw; gjpfq;fs;:
tlkuhl;rpapd; gy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; Nfhapw; gjpfq;fs; rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd. mit: gjpfk; CQ:ry;> me;jhjp> ,ul;ilkzpkhiy> ehd;kzpkiy> Kk;kzf;;Nfhit> tpQ;rjp> xUgh ,UgJ Nghd;w gy;NtWtifapd. ngUk;ghYk; vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; te;jtu;fNs mjpfkhd ,t;tpyf;fpa tbtq;fis Mf;fpAs;sdu;. mt;tg;NghJ mit E}y; tbtKk; ngw;Ws;sd. ngUk;ghYk; Flhehl;bw;Nf nghUe;Jfpd;w ,t;tpyf;fpag; ghuk;gupak; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpf;Fr; rpwg;ghdnjdf; nfhs;sKbahJ. vdpDk; Mw;wy;tha;e;j Gytu;fspdhy; ,it nra;ag;gl;likapd; “nrhw;Rit nghUl;Rit|| epuk;gpaitahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; fe;jtd ehjUQ;ry; njhlf;fk; gz;bju; f. tPufj;jpapd; “fz;zpw; fhf;Fk; fhtyd;|| tiu ,r;rpwg;gpidf; fhzyhk;.
xU fpuhkj;jpy;> gbj;jtnudf; fUjf;$batUf;F ,Ue;j kjpg;G ,g;gbahd gjpfq;fs; ghLtjdhYk; Guhzj;jpw;Fg; gad; nrhy;tjdhYNk epiyepWj;jg;gl;lJ. r%fk; mtuplk; ,j;jifa Mw;wiyNa vjpu;ghu;j;jJ gz;bju;> Gytu; Kjyhd gl;lg;ngau;fis> gjpfk;> rukftp Mfpatw;iw ,aw;WtNjhL Guhzgldk; nra;Ak; ahtUf;Fk; ,g;gFjp kf;fs; ,l;L toq;fpaij mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ.
,ay;ghfg; Gyiktha;e;jpUe;j rpyUk; mf;fhyf; fy;tpg; ghuk; gupaj;jpw;Ff; fl;Lg;g;l;L ahg;G mzp ,tw;iwj; njupe;Jnfhs;s Kad;wpUf;fpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; Mw;wYs;s rpy Gytu;fSk; ,yf;fz tuk;gpDs; epd;W Mf;fNtz;bapUe;jpUf;fpwJ. “rPu;NkT||> “fhu;NkT|| vd;W njhlq;fpa ghq;fpypUe;J ,tw;iw mwpaKbfpwJ. vdpDk; mtu;fs; ,yf;fzj;jpy; ,;lwp tpOe;jjhfj; njupatpy;iy. jhk; tho;e;j gFjpapYiwe;j flTsiu my;yJ topgL flTsiug;gw;wp ,tu;fs; ghbAs;s ghly;fis Ezf;fkhf mZfpdhy; ,tu;fspd; gpwg;gplk;> rhjp> njhopy; vd;gtw;iw mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. xU fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;j ,d;ndhU fpuhkj;jpy; my;yJ Cupy; tho;e;jhUk; jhd; gpwe;j gFjpapYiwe;j flTs;kPJ xU gjpfk;> my;yJ xU ghlyhtJ ghbapUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.
gf;jpAzu;Tk;> jj;JtNehf;Fk; nfhz;litahf vOe;j ,e;jg; gjpfq;fspD}Nl Nfhapy;nfhz;l ngUkhdpd; GfioAk;> Nfhapy; tuyhWfisr; Rl;Lfpd;w nrtptopr; nra;jpfisAk;> Guhz mjpfhrf; fijfisAk;> mt;T+u; Myafu;j;jhtpd; FLk;gg; ngUik> toikfisAk;> ,dj;jtupd; rpwg;igAk; fl;Ltdthf mike;jpUf;fpd;wikiaAk; fhzyhk;.
r%f tsu;r;rpapd; fhuzkhfNth> vd;dNth mz;ikf;fhyj;jpnyOe;j gjpfq;fspy; Myak; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfisAk;> mjdpaf;Fdu; FotpdiuAk; ieahz;b nra;J> fbe;J $Wk; ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;wik Fwpg;gplf;$baJ. fhyXl;lj;jpy; flTsiu topgLk; mbatu;fs; Myak; rhu;e;jtu;fisr; rpNyilahf ieahz;bnra;Ak; ,g;gz;gpid “kiyNghNy xU khL topkwpf;fpwNj|| vd;w ee;jdhu; rupj;jpu ehlfj;jpNy tUk; [duQ;rfUkhd ghlYld; xg;gplyhk;. mt;thNW gf;jpiag; ghlte;j gyu; r%fj;jpidAk; ehR+f;fhfr; rhbAs;sdu;. cjhuzkhff;> funtl;bapy;> jr;re;Njhg;G tpehafu;kPJ gz;bju; j.tPufj;jpatu;fs; ghba “fz;zpw; fhf;Fk; fhtyd;|| vd;Dk; gjpfjjpypUe;J xU ghliyr; Rl;lyhk;. me;j Myaj;jpy; topgLk; mbahu;fs; rpyiu mwpe;jtu;fs; milahsk; fhZk; tifapy; mg;gjpfg; ghly;fs; mike;Js;sd vdyhk;.
“fhdkapw; ghtid nra;fhl;Lf; Nfhop
fLtplj;jpw; fue;JiwAk; fupa ehfk;
Qhdtpop Nahfpaupw; J}q;Fk; G+id
ehtpuz;L $Wila cLk;NghL. ML
Nghdtop eidamOk; Xeha; ,e;jg;
G+Tyifj; jiyfPoha;g; ghu;f;Fk; ntsthy;
Md,it vy;yhNk mba uhfp
Mfbak; nra;tJKd; Ml Nyhnrhy;.|| 12
vd;w ghliy tifkhjpupfFf; fhl;lyhk;. gf;jpapD}L r%fr; rPuoptpidg; ghLtjidg; ghu;f;ff;$bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.
,g;gFjpapy; cs;s Myaq;fs; kPJ ghlg;gl;l CQ;rw;gjpfq;fs; Mz;LNjhWk; elf;Fk; jpUtpohf;fspy; G+q;fhtdj; jpUtpohtd;W gz;Zld; ghlg;gLtJ tof;fk;. gbj;jtu;fs; kl;Lkd;wpg; ghkuUk; ,t;thwhd gjpfq;fisr; Ritj;J kfpo;e;J kddkhf itj;jpUg;gjw;F ,Jnt fhuzkhFk;.
tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j Gytu;fs; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpf;F ntspNaAs;s gpurpj;jpngw;w jyq;fshd ey;Y}u;> khtpl;lGuk;> rpj;jhz;b khkhq;fk;> fjpu;fhkk;> jpUf;NfjP];tuk;> NfhNz];tuk;> ntUfy;> eapdhjPT Nghd;w Myaq;fspd;kPJk; gjpfq;fs; ghbAs;sdu;. njhopy;fhuzkhf ,t;tplq;fspNyh> mUfpNyh trpj;jikahYk;> topghl;Lzu;thYk; ,it vOe;jpUf;fyhk. ,tw;iw tpl NtW rpyu; Gytu;fsplk; te;J jhq;fs; Nfl;Lj; jq;fs; Njitf;fhfTk; Neu;e;jpf;fhfTk; GfOf;fhfTk; ghLtpj;Js;sikiaAk; fhzyhk;. mt;thW ghlg;gl;l gjpfq;fspd; ml;ilapy; ,d;dhupd; Nfs;tpg;gb ,d;dhu; ghbaJ vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUg;gjidAk; fhzyhk;.
Gytu;fspd; kdf;Fiw> Neha;> Njit ,tw;wpid eptu;j;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;Lk; gjpfq;fs; vOe;Js;sd. jhq;fs; nrYj;Jk; fhzpf;ifahf> Neu;j;jpf;fldhfr; nra;tjhfTk; rpyupd; ghly;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.jhk; ghba ghly;fisj; jpdKk; topgLk;NghJ ghbg;ghb topgl;ljhfTk;> mjdhy; Nfl;lJ fpilj;jjhfTk; rpyu; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. <oehl;bd; gpurpj;jpngw;w gy irt Myq;fs;kPJ CQ;rw; gjpfq;fs; gytw;iwg; ghbAs;s funtl;biar; Nru;e;j t. rptuhrrpq;fk; mz;ikapy; eapid ehfG+rzp gps;isj; jkpioAk; ghbAs;shu;. ,t;tupirapy; f. fzgjpg;gps;is Mrpupaupd; jr;irr; rpNyil ntz;ghTk; tpje;Njhjf; $baJ. gf;jpAld; ,ize;J GyikAk; jkpOk; tsu;e;jJ ekf;Fg; Gjpjy;yNt.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jhy; Kfpo;j;j ,yf;fpa tsj;jpd; xU gyk;tha;e;j epidTr; rpd;dkhf ,g;gjpfq;fs; epd;W epyTfpd;wd. ntz;gh> tpUj;jk;> fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw> mfty; Nghd;w gy;NtW ahg;G tbtq;fspYk; ,g;gjpfq;fs; vOe;Js;sd. ,it Mf;fpNahupd; “ahg;gwp Gyikia|| ntspf;fhl;LtdthfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fw;gidtsKk;> gf;jpr; RitAk; epiwe;jitahf ,tw;wpw; gy fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk; cz;ikNa. mNjNtisapy; tpj;Jtj;jpwidf; fhl;LgitahfTk; ntWQ; nra;Ashf mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wditAk; cz;L. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ghly; ngwhj> ghlg;glhj Myaq;fNs ,y;iynadyhk;.
rhkftpfs;
tlkuhl;rpf; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; rukftpfs;> (,uq;fw;ghf;fs;) ngWk; gq;Fk; Kf;fpakhdJ. jd;Dzu;r;rpahf ntsptuj;njhlq;fpa ,f;ftpij kuG gz;bju;fisAk; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tpahsu;fisAk; ghkuu;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sikia mwpaKbfpd;wJ. rukftpfisf; “fy;ntl;b|| vd miog;gjpypUe;J mjd; njhd;ikiaAk; Njhw;wj;jpidAk; mwpayhk;.
,r;rukftp kugpYk; ,UntWgl;l r%f Kf;fpaj;Jtk; cz;L. cwtpdu;> ez;gu; ,we;jNghJ jhNk kdKUfpg; ghLtJ xd;W.
gzq; nfhLj;Jj; jk; FLk;gepiy> me;j];J vd;gtw;iwAk; kdczu;TfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jg; ghLtpg;gJ ,d;ndhd;W.
Kd;tifapy; jd;dhrhd;> ez;gu;> jha;> je;ij> cwtpdu; ,tu;fspy; ahuhtJ ,we;jNghJ kdKUfpg; ghLtu;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhf MWKfehtyu; ,we;jNghJ rpttk;Gg;Gytu; ghbajidr; Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;.
“M\&h dpy;iyg; Gfypau; Nfhdpy;iy ag;gdpy;iy
rP\&U khzpf;f thrf dpy;iy jpirase;j
Ng\&U khW Kfeh tydpy;iy gpd;dpq;Fahu;
eP\&Uk; Ntzpad; khu;f;fj;ijg; Nghjpf;Fk; ePu;ikaNu.||
vd;w ,uq;fw;ghly; gpuNjrq;fle;j Gfo;ngw;w ghlyhFk;. mf;fhyj;J tho;e;j Gytu;fs;> fy;tpkhd;fs; ,uq;fw;ghf;fs; ,aw;wf;$batu;fshfNt fhzg;gl;ldu;. ,j;JiwAk; mtu;fspd; r%f me;j];ijAk;> mwpitAk;> NjitiaAk; gpujpgypg;gitahfNt mike;jpUe;jd.
fy;ntl;L vDk; rukftpkugpy; xg;ghUk; kpf;fhUkw;wtuhfj; jpfo;e;jtu; fuit ehlff; ftpkzp vdg; Nghw;wg;gl;l fpU];zho;thuhtu;. ,tupd; ghly;fs; ,yf;fpa me;j];Jk;> czu;T eyKk;> eaKk; epiwe;jit. ,ay;ghfNt ftpghLk; Mw;wYs;s ,tu;> gz;bju;fs;> f.tP.> ngh. fhu;j;jpNfR> tpj;Jthd; f. eluh[h Nghd;wtu;fspd; $l;Lwtpdhy; ahg;gwp GytdhfTk; jpfo;fpd;whu;. ntz;gh> tpUj;jk;> fl;lisf;ypj;Jiw Mrpupag;gh Nghd;w gy;NtW ahg;Gtiffspy; ,tu; eakhd ghly;fisg; ghbapUf;fpwhu;. ,e;j E}w;whz;by; <oj;jpy; ,tUf;fpizahd rukftpf; ftpQu; xUtu; tho;e;jhnud;W $wKbahJ.
,tu; ghba Gyk;gy;fs; neQ;irj; njhLgit. fw;gid epiwe;jit. tifkhjpupf;Fg; Nguu; Gyk;gy; vDk; jiyg;gpy; ,tu; ghba ghly; Nehf;fj;jf;fJ.
“Kw;wj;J kz;Nrhwha; %d;Wkw; fhaLg;gha;
gw;wpagh tl;ilapiy ghw;fwpaha;g; - ngw;Wtpj;Jr;
rhg;gplth mg;gh rikj;jcz thWnjd;W
$g;gpLt jhiuapdpf; $W.||
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; khj;jpukd;wp gyghfq;fspypUe;Jk; ,tiuf;nfhz;L rukftpfs; ghLtpf;fg; gyu; tUtJz;L. nghUj;jkhd fw;gidfSld; cs;sj;ij cUf;Fk tifapy; Gyk;gy;fs; ghLtjpYk; kpfTk; ifNju;e;jtu;.
rukftpfNshL kl;Lk; fpU];zho;thu; epd;wtuy;yu;. tho;j;J kly;fs;> tho;j;Jg;ghf;fs;> gjpfq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs;> flTsu;kPJ jdpg;gl;l Jjpfs; vd;gtw;iwAk; ghbAs;shu;. 1895Mk; Mz;L gpwe;j ,tu; 1972Mk; Mz;bNyNa kuzkhdhu;.
nghd;. fe;ijah> [P. [P. nghd;dk;gyk;> tjpupg; ngupahu; R+ud;> ePr;ry; tPuu; etuj;jpdrhkp Kjypa tlkuhl;rpg; ngupahu; gyiu ,tu; Gfo;e;J ghbapUf;fpwhu;. tifkhjpupf;F ePr;ry; tPuu; etuj;jpdrhkpiag; ghba ghliy ,q;Nf Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;.
tq;fkyp nghq;Ffly; rq;nfhyp Koq;fpLk;
tsNkT njhz;il khD}u;
tujFU Fykfpg; jpUKUFg; gps;isahk;
ts;sYf; fupa RjNd
rq;fkyp gy;fiyj; Jq;fNk etuj;jpd
rhkpNa tUf tUf
rj;jpf;F Kau;ghf;F ePupizia ePe;jpNa
jhz;bNdha; tUf tUf
kq;fsk; nghyptlk; uhl;rpf;F thifkyu;
khl;bNdha; tUf tUf
gq;fkpy; yhjeu rpq;fnkd; Nwj;jpLk;
ghu;j;jNd tUf tUf!
ghuhS kfuhzp tutpDf; nfhUGJik
gutpNdha; eP tUfNt.
,t;thW gy;NtW tifahd ahg;G tbtq;fisAk; re;jq;fisAk; ifahz;L ftpijgilj;j vk;.tP. fpU];zho;thu; ehlfj;Jiwapy; <l;ba GfOf;Fr; rkijahff; ftpijj;JiwapYk; GfoPl;bAs;shu;. ,tiu tuftp vd;Nw miof;fyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; r%f cwitAk;> fpuhkpa epiyiaAk; ed;F rpj;jpupf;Fk; ghly;fs; gytw;iw ,tu; ghbAs;shu;. ngUk; ehlfg; Gytuhd ,tu; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tpawpT ngwhjtnud;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,yf;fzkuG
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; ,yf;fzg; ghuk;gupaj;jpid Nehf;Fk; nghOJ mk;kuG ituk; gha;e;jjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; epiyg;ghl;bidAk;> Ez;zwptpd; nraw;ghl;bidAk; ,g;ghuk;gupaj;jpNy fhzyhk;.kuGtopf; fy;tpapy; te;jtu;fs; ,yf;fzj;jpy; rpwe;j Nju;r;rpAilatu;fshf ,Ue;jdu;. rptrk;Gg;Gytu;> eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;is> fe;j KUNfrd;> Kj;Jf; Fkhurhkpf;FUf;fs;> ,yf;fzf;nfhj;ju;> Fkhurhkpg; Gytu; Nghd;w mwpQu;fs; Njhw;Wtpj;j ,k;kuG gz;bju; tPugj;jptiu epd;W epiyf;fpwJ. ,yf;fzr; R+j;jpuq;fSf;F ciufSk;> ciufSf;F tpsf;fKk; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapypUe;J ntspte;Js;sd. tlkuhl;rpapd; ,yf;fz kugpd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; nrOikiaAk; gz;bju; f. tPufj;jpapd; gpd;tUk; $w;wpypUe;J mwpayhk;.
ciufSf;F tpsf;fk; vOJtjpYk; ek;ktu;fs; tpl;Litj;J tpltpy;iy. ed;D}w; fhz;bif ciuf;Nf tpsf;fk; vOjpdhu; (1902) aho;g;ghzj;Jg; GNyhypA+u; t. Fkhurhkpg; Gytu;> ,e; “ed;D}w; fhz;bif ciu tpsf;fk;|| ,Ul;bypUe;J xspf;Fr; nry;Yk; tha;g;ig ey;fpaJ. tpLglhjpUe;j ,yf;fzg; Gjpu;fis tpLrpj;J rptQhdKdptupd; Mfngau;> md;nkhop NtWghNl <lhl;lk;fhz toptFj;jJ. “tpsf;fg;|| ngUik tpsf;fg;ngUFk;. || 13
,e; ed;D}w; fhz;bif ciu tpsf;fk; vOjpa GNyhyp t. Fkhurhkpg; Gytu; rhjhuzkhfg; NgRk;nghONj ,yf;fz Rj;jkhd thu;j;ijfisNa ifahSthuhk;. rhjhuz Ngr;R tof;F ,tUf;F “mNy[p|| vd;W $Wthu;fs;. ,jdhy; ,tiu mz;bf; fy;tp fw;f khztu;fs; mQ;rpajhfTk; mwpaffplf;fpd;wJ. ,tupd; ,yf;fzg; Gyikgw;wpAk; ,yf;fz tFg;Gg;gw;wpAk; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is eak;glf; $WtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,yf;fze; jd;id tpsq;ff; fw;Nw
,yf;fz newpahy; ,iaGld; Ngrp
te;jil khztu;f; fe;jkpo;j; jkpio
,yf;fz KiwAld; ,ak;gpL KjpNahd;
Nfhjp ypyf;fzf; Nfhtpe;j ndd;Dk;
Fkhu rhkpg; Gytd; jd;dplk; 14
Fkhurhkpg;Gytiutpl ,tUf;F Kd;G tho;e;j ty;it itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is> rptrk;Gg;Gytu; NghNwhu; ek;gp mfg;nghUSf;Fk;> fhupiff;Fk; ciu vOjpAs;sdu;. cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; fhupif ciu> tpsf;fk;> Gjpa ,ay; vd;gtw;iwf;nfhz;L ntspte;jJ. gy ru;r;irfSf;Fk; thjq;fSf;FKl;gl;l ,f;fhupifg; gjpg;G %yghlj;jpwdha;thsUf;F kpfTk; gad;glf;$bajhFk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; ,yf;fzg; ghuk;gupaKk; rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; Cw;nwLj;J mtupD}Nl Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpf; FUf;fSf;$lhfg; gutp Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isapw; Njq;fp ,d;W gy;fiyf; fof ,yf;fzkughfg; Nguhrpupau;fs; M. NtYg;gps;is> m. rz;Kfjh]; Nghd;NwhUf; $lhfg; gha;e;J nfhz;bUf;fpwJ vdyhk;.
Ie;jpyf;fzj;jpy; mwpTk; Mw;wYKs;stu;fs; tlnkhopapyf;fzq;fspYk; rpwe;j gapw;rpAk; Nju;r;rpAk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;. cjhuzkhf> Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpf; FUf;fs;> Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs> GNyhyp t. fzgjpg;gps;is> eh.fjpiuNtw;gs;is KjypNahiur; Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;.
,yf;fzf; fy;tpAld; ,iaTgl;lJk;> fhuzfhupaj; njhlu;GilaJ. “vz;|| vd;W gz;ila ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;lJkhd jUf;ftpaypYk; ,g;gFjp mwpQu;fs; jpwikAilatu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;. thjk; nra;tjw;Fk; irt rpj;jhe;jf; fUj;Jf;fis epWTtjw;Fk;> ,yf;fz topia ,Wf;fkhff; filg;gpbj;J epWTtjw;Fk; jUf;fk; vdg;gLk; msit ,ay; gad;gl;lJ.
ghuk;gupag; Gyikapy; te;jtu;fs; Nkw;fhl;ba NjitfSf;fhf msitapaiyj; njspTw mwpe;jpUe;jdu;. rPuhd rpe;jidf;F msit ,ay; gad;gl;lJ vd;W ,tu;fs; $Wfpwhu;fs;. tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapypUe;J ,uhkehjgps;is vOjpa msit ,ay; vDk; E}Yk;> f. rptghjRe;juk; vOjpa msit E}Yk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
mfuhjp Kaw;rpfs;
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapypUe;J Njhd;wpa fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; gad;jU Kfpo;g;ghd mfuhjp Kaw;rpfSk; Kf;fpajhff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. jkpofuhjpfspd; %ygpjhf;fspy; xUtuhd itkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is cLg;gpl;biar; Nru;e;jtNu. ,tu; Njbj; njhFj;j tplaq;fs; ahTk; kJiuj; jkpo; rq;fj;jhuplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;L E}YUg;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jq;F ,tu; kfd; ghyrpq;fk; xU KfTiu vOjpAs;shu;. ,tupd; mfuhjpgw;wp v];. nrgNerd; $WtJ mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
kUj;Jtk;> ,urhadk;> msitapay;> irtrpj;jhe;jhk;> Ntjhe;jk;> jj;Jtk;> myq;fhuk;> Nrhjplk; Kjypa gyJiwf;fiyr; nrhw;fis ,tu; Njbj; njhFj;jhu;. nrhw;fspd; njhifiaAk; mtw;wpw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s kpf El;gkhd tpsf;fq;fisAk; ghu;f;Fk;NghJ xU jdpkdpjd; Mw;wy; ,t;tsth vd;w gpukpg;G Vw;gLfpd;wJ. 15
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapd; mfuhjp Kaw;rpfspy; rjhtjhdk; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isahy; njhFf;fg;gl;l mfuhjpAk;> rp. Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs; 1924Mk; Mz;L ntspapl;l nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fnkdDk; mfuhjpAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. kJiuj; jkpo;g; Ngufuhjpapd; gjpg;Giuapy; c.Nt. rhkpehijau; aho;g;ghz mfuhjpfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gplhJtpl;lNghjpYk; njhFg;ghsu; rhu;gpy; fp.kh. Nfhghyf;fpU];zf;Nfhd; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.
“gy nrhw;fisr; Nru;j;Jk; jpUj;jpAk; aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rjhtjhdk; fjpiuNtw;gps;isatu;fshy; Xu; mfuhjp ntspaplg;ngw;Wk;> gpd;du; aho;g;ghzj;J citkd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is vd;Dk; Gytuhy; njhFf;fg;ngw;W kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jhuhy; fjpiuNtw;gps;is jkpo;r; nrhy;yfuhjp vd;Dk; ngauhy; Xu; mfuhjp ntspaplg;ngw;wJ.|| 16
,t;thW fy;tpg; ghuk;gupak; toq;fpa ed;nfhilfspy; etPd cyfpq;Fg; gad;ghLila mfuhjp Kaw;rpfs; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit.
tlkuhl;rpapd; gyk; tha;e;j fy;tp kugpd; gy;NtW mWtil Ntz;bait. ,yf;fpa tsj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;l Mf;fq;fis ,g;gFjpapNy guf;ff;fhzyhk;. rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; fy;yhlf; fypj;Jiw Kjy; fe;j KUNfrdpd; ehtyd; Nfhit (,d;Dk; mr;Nrwtpy;iy) tiu ,g;gFjpapy; vOe;Js;sikia mtjhdpf;fyhk;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; Ngzpf; fhj;jtu;fis mDge;jj;jpy; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;Nshk;.
Guhzgldk;
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;by; Guhz gpurq;fkuG ehtyUlNdNa Muk;gf;fpd;wnjdyhk;. tlkuhlrpapy; tho;e;j mwpQu; ngUkf;fspy; gyu; Guhzgldj;jpy; ty;yikAk; gapw;rpAKilatuhfNt fhzg;gl;ldu;. Guhzgldk; ,g;gFjpfspy; xU rkar; rlq;fhfNt epfo;e;Js;sJ. vOj;jwpTg; ghuk;gupak; [duQ;rfkhfTk; gad;gl;likf;Fg; Guhzgldk; xU rhl;rpahFk;. vOjg;gbf;fj; njupahjtu;fs;> Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fs; Myaq;fspw; nrd;W ‘gbg;G|f; Nfl;gJ (Guhzgldk;) tof;fk;. kpfTk; MrhurPyu;fshfNt Myaj;jpw; Guhzg; gbg;Gj; njhlq;fpaJk; Cupy; cs;stu;fspy; mNdfkhdtu;fs; khkprk; Grpf;fkhl;lhu;fs;. ‘xUNeur; NrhW| vd;W tpujkpUg;ghu;fs;. “kr;rj;ijj; jpz;lghLkpy;iy> Guhzj;ijf; Nfl;lghLkpy;iy.|| vd;W xU gonkhop$l ,g;gFjpapy; epyTfpwJ. Guhzk; thrpg;gtiu tplg; ‘gad;| nrhy;Ygtu; 9ciu) jpwikahsuhfTk;> kjpg;GilatuhfTk; fUjg;gLtu;. gad; $WgtUf;Fs;s ngUk;gad; mtu; ngWk; r%f me;j];Nj nadyhk;.
tpj;Jtj;jd;ikapy;yhkYk;> Mo;e;j mwpT ,y;yhkYk; XusT gbj;Jk;> Fuy;tsk; cilatu;fSk; “gad;gofpg;|| gad; nrhy;tJk; cz;L. ,tu;fs; Fwpg;ghff; Fwpg;gpl;l xU Guhzj;jpNyNa tpNrl gapw;rp ngw;wtu;fshftpUg;gu;. ,yfpa Mf;fj;jpwdpy;yhkYk;> eak;gl ciuf;f KbahtpbDk; ,tu;fspd; Fuy;tsKk;> r%fj;;NjitAk; ,tu;fisg; “gaDf;Fupatu;fshf;fpaJ vdyhk;.|| ,tu;fs; Myaq;fspy; Guhzk; gad;nrhy;yp “Ntjdk;|| ngWtu;. $yp $lf; nfhLf;Fkplq;fSf;Fr; nry;tNj ,tu;fsJ Nehf;fk;> ,tu;fSf;F Kd;$l;bNa “mr;rthuk;|| nfhLj;Jitg;gJk; cz;L. ,e;j tiff;F cjhuzkhf kpf mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu tho;e;j Jd;dhiyiar; Nru;e;j ,uhkypq;fk; vd;gtiuAk;> funtl;biar; Nru;e;j rz;Kfk; vd;gtiuAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Guhzgldk; ntWkNd ciuahf (gadhf) mikahJ. nghopg;Giu> tpUj;jpAiu - ,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G> fpisf;fijfs;> Nkw;Nfhs;fs;> xg;gpay;Nehf;F vd;gtw;wpy; epfo;j;jg;gLtjidNa rpwg;ghfg; ngUk;ghd;ikNahu; tpUk;Gtu;. itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is> rptrk;Gg;Gytu;> jpy;iyehjehtyu;> fjpiuNtw;gps;is Kjypa gyu; ,t;thwhd uridiaj; J}z;Lk; tifapy; eak;glr; nra;ag;gLtNj rpwe;j Guhz gldkhff; fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
Guhzj;jpw;Fg; gad; nrhy;YtjpYk; Nghl;bAk;> nrUf;Fk; fhzg;gl;likAk; cz;L. mit gw;wpa gy fijfSk; cz;L. Guhzk; gbf;fj; njhlq;FKd; Nfhapypd; gpujk FU tpehafG+ir nra;J gQ;rhyhj;jpfhl;b E}ypd; fhg;Gr; nra;AisAk; ghlj;jnjhlq;Fk; gFjpapd; Kjw; nra;AisAk; gbj;Nj Guhzg; gbg;igj; njhlq;Ftu;. ,jdhw;jhd Nfhapw; G+rfu;fSk; Guhz ,yf;fpa mwpT tha;f;fg;ngw;wtuhf ,Uf;fNtz;bapUe;jJ. c-k;:itj;jpaypq;fNjrpfu;> Fwpg;gpl;l glyNkh> ghly;fNsh gbj;J Kbe;jJk; G+rfu; G+iria epfo;j;jp Guhz ciufhuuplk; “fhshQ;rp|| nfhLg;gu;> mf;fhshQ;rpapy; cgafhuupd; trjpf;Nfw;wgb gok;> ghf;F> ntw;wpiyAld; gzKk; ,Uf;Fk;. ,Jtk; xUtifapy; NtjdNk.
Guhzg;gbg;G ngUk;ghd;ikAk; khrp> gq;Fdp> rpj;jpiu> itfhrp khjq;fspNyNa epfOk;. G+uizapNyh my;yJ cj;juk;> jpUNthzk; Nghd;w el;rj;jpuq;fs; epw;Fk; epiwehspNyhjhd; Guhzg;gbg;G epiwTngWk;. me;jehs; Myaj;jpy; ngupa myq;fhuj; jpUtpohf;fSk;> md;djhdKk; epfo;tJz;L. Myaj;ijr; R+oNt fy;tp> fiy> fz;ghL vd;gd Njq;fp epd;wikf;F ,J xU cjhuzkhFk;. aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bNy ey;Y}upy; Muk;gpj;jjhff; fUjg;gLk; GuhzgldkuG ,d;Wk; XusT tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNyNa epiyj;Jepw;fpwJ vdyhk;. Nfhapy;fspy; fe;jGuhzk;> ngupaGuhzk;> jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; KjypaitAk;> rpj;jpuGj;jpudhu;fij> gps;isahu; fij> gps;isahu; Guhzk;> Vfhjrpg; Guhzk;> Nfhtydhu;fij vd;gdTk; gbf;fg;gl;ld. mf;fhyk; mr;RthfdNkwpa E}y;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,it mjpfkhf ,Ug;gjw;Fg; Guhzgld kuNg fhuzk; vdyhk;. ts;spak;ik jpUkzg;glyk;> nja;thidak;ik jpUkzg;glyk;> gpl;Lf;F kz;Rke;j rUf;fk; Nghd;wit gbf;fg;gLk; ehl;fs; tpNrl ehl;fshff; fUjg;gl;ld. gz;ghl;Lzu;T kq;fs epfo;r;rpfspy; cs;s ek;gpf;ifia ,it gpujpgypf;fpd;wd vdyhk;.
ehtyu; ngUkhd; fhyj;jpd;gpd; mtu;fs; mZf;fj; njhz;lu;fsha; ,Ue;Njhu;$lr; rpe;jhkzpapYk; fk;guhkhazj;jpYk; Ritfz;L fhl;bf;nfhz;bUe;jNghJ> fe;jGuhzj;ijAk;mjd; gz;ghl;bidAk; xOq;Fwg;Ngzp tsu;j;J ehtyu; mbr;Rtl;bNy ,ad;W te;jJ GyhypA+Nu.|| 12
vd;W njd;GNyhypA+u; K. fzgjpg;gps;isatu;fs; $WtJ kdj;jpUj;jj;jf;fJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; Guhz gld kuG ,g;gFjpapd; rka r%f nghUshjhu mk;rq;fSld; ,Wf;fkhd njhlu;Gilajhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; ,g;Ngh ,k;kuGk; mUfptUtJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mk;kuGtopte;j mwpQu;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; mDge;jj;jpw; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
mbf;Fwpg;Gf;fs;
1. ghtyu; rupj;j;u jPgfk; - Mhdy;l; rjhrptk;gps;is> gf;fk; 122. khdpg;gha;> 1888.
2. khzpf;fkhiy> - Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is cupikAiu – Kjw;gjpg;G – 1950
3. Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp> gz;ilj;jkpou; tho;Tk; topghLk;. 1967.
4. cjajhuif> 21-10-1841
5. aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp> gf;fk; 276 - 277
6. GNyhypA+u;g; ngupahu; R. rptghjRe;juk; epidT kyu;> 1978 – gz;bjkzp rp.fzgjpg;gps;is. gf;fk; 1.
7. cjajhuif> 17-06-1841.
8. jpU.fh. R+ud; mtu;fspd; epidT kyu;> 1960 – vdJ tiyhW gf;fk; - 5
9. irtg; ngupahu; gw;wpa rpy rpe;jidfs; - r. mk;gpifghfd; irtg;ngupahu; rptghjRe;judhu; E}w;whz;L kyu;.
10. <oNfrup. 12-07-1953 epidTf;fl;Liu
11. ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau; ty;it r. itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is – fhu;j;jpNfR rptj;jk;gp. gf;fk; 13.
12. fz;zpw; fhf;Fk; fhtyd; - gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp> gf;fk;.
13. <oj;J ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfs; - gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp> ehd;fhtJ jkpohuha;r;rp khehl;L gyu;> ,yq;if> gf;fk; 100
14. fhjypahw;Wg;gil – Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is.
15. <oehl;by; vOe;j jkpo; mfuhjpfs; - v];. n[gNerd;> midj;Jyf ehd;fhtJ jkpohuha;r;rp kfhehL (epidTkyu;) gf;fk; 105
16. kJIuj; jkpo;r; rq;fg; Ngufuhjp KfTiu – fp.kh. Nfhghy fpU~;zf;Nfhd;> gf;fk; 2.
17. fjpnuhsp[ - GnyhypA+u;g; Gytu;fs;> njd;GNyhypA+u; K.fzgjpg;gps;is.
,ay; ehd;F
tlkuhl;rpAK; gpwgFjpfSk;
4 . 1 tlkuhl;rpAk; Flhehl;bd; Vida gFjpfSk;
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpf;Fk; <oj;jpd; Vida gFjpfSf;F kpilNa fy;tp> ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;Gfisf; ftdpf;Fk;nghOJ> tlkuhl;rp Flhehl;bYk;> Flhehl;bw;F ntspNaAk;> fly;fle;J jkpo; ehl;bYk;> jdJ gzpiaAk;> gq;fpidAk; tpahg;jpailar; nra;jik Gydhfpd;wJ. tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j mwpQu;fs; <oj;jpd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F Cw;Wf;fhyhfTk; nraw;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. tlkuhl;rpf;F ntspNaAs;s mwpQu;fs; Nghw;wpAk; ghbAKs;sdu;. ,tw;iwtpl ,tu;fs; ghba rkar;rhu;gw;w Nfhit KjypadTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.
,e;jtifapy; Kjd;Kjyhf MjhuG+u;tkhff; fpilg;gJ fy;Y}up rpd;dj;jk;gpg;Gytupaw;wpa 1716 – 1780 (fp.gp) fuit Ntyd; NfhitNaahFk;. ,f;Nfhit funtl;bapy; tho;e;j cs;Su;g; gpuGthfpa NtyhAj cilau;kPJ ghlg;gl;lJ. \\rkar; rhu;gw;w <oj;jpy; vOe;j cs;Su;g; gpuGkPJ ghlg;gl;l Kjw;gpuge;jkhf ,J fhzg;gLfpwJ. 1 ,g;gpuge;jk; Koikahff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,jpy; 401 ghly;fs; ,Ue;jjhff; $wg;gl;lNghJk; ,d;W 322 ghly;fNs fpilj;Js;sd. kpFjpg;ghly;fs; mope;jjh? mopf;fg;gl;ljh? vd;w Iak; Vw;glf;$bajhf ,g;gFjpapy; nrtptopf; fijfs; epyTfpd;wd.
,uz;L cs;Su;g; gpuGf;fspilNa cz;lhd Nghl;b fhuzkhf> xU gpuG “Gytu;ghLk; GfOf;fhf|| ey;Y}upypUe;J Gytiu miog;gpj;jpUejhu;. Gytu;tUk; topapy; kwiwa gpuG mofpa ge;jypl;L> tuNtw;Wg; gupR toq;fpj; jdkPJ xU Nfhit ghLkhW Ntz;bepd;whuhk; gupRngw;w Gytu; mg;gpuGkPJ ,f;Nfhitg; gpuge;jj;ijg; ghbajhfTk; ‘fij| toq;FfpwJ. ,d;Wk; fg;GJ}ntsp vd;Dkplj;jpy; ‘vy;iykhdg;ge;jyb| vd;w ngaUld; xU ,lk; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,t;tplj;jpNyapUe;Jjhd; rpd;dj; jk;gpg; Gytu; fuitNtyd; Nfhitiag; gbhbdhuhk;. mope;j ghly;fs; kw;iwa gpuGtu;f;fj;jpdiu ,fo;e;J ghba ghly;fs; vd;Wk; xUfij ,g;gFjpapy; epyTfpwJ. ,g;gpuge;jj;jpy; tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfistpl ,yf;fpar; Rit Kf;fpak; ngw;Ws;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
tlkuhlrpg; gFjpf;Fk; aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bw;FkpilNaapUe;j fy;tp ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;Gfs; Kf;fpakhdit. tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j khztu;fs; gyu; Flhehl;by; jiyrpwe;j Mrpupau;fshf tpsq;fpa Nrdhjpuh[Kjypahu;> ney;iyehjKjypahu;> MWKfehtyu;> mtu; kUfu; nghd;dk;gygps;is Nghd;Nwhiu ehb “cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk;|| fw;Ws;sikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fpd;wd. tpj;J}d; fNzirau; tpj;JtrpNuhkzp nghd;dk;gy gps;isaplk; jhk; gbf;fr; nrd;wNghJ “funtl;biar; Nru;e;j fhu;j;jpNfR vd;gtu; gbj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;|| vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. (8Mk; tFg;Gj; jkpo;kyu; – 1967).
ehtyUk; tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; kpFe;j <LghLnfhz;bUe;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gUj;jpj;Jiwapy; “irtg;|| ghlrhiy epWtpaNjhlikahJ> GNyhyp gRgjP];tuu; kPJ CQ;rYk; ghbAs;shu;. ehtyu; gUj;jpj;Jiwf;F te;J mbf;fb jq;fpr; nry;thuhk;. fe;ju; MWKftd; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J “ehtyu; gl;lj;Jld;|| jpUk;gpaNghJ Kjd;Kjypy; tuNtw;Gtpoh gUj;jpj;Jiwf; nfhl;lbg;gps;isahu; Nfhapy; Kd;wypNyNa eilngw;wjhk;. ,uz;lhtJ tuNtw;G tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gg;ngw;w ty;ypGuf; NfhapypNyNa ele;jjhk;. (jfty;: fyhepjp f. rptg;gpufhrk;).
,t;thW tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; Flhehl;bd; kw;iwa gFjpfSf;Fk;> fy;tp> ,yf;fpak; rhu;e;j njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gl;bUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
4 . 2. tlkuhl;rpAk; kl;lf;fsg;Gk;
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpf;Fk;> <oj;jpd; Vida gFjpfSf;Fkpilapyhd fy;tp ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;Gfis Nehf;Fk;NghJ> tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;j fy;tpahsu;fs; jq;fs; fy;tp ,yf;fpag; gzpiaj; jpwk;glr; nra;J “Gfo;G+j;j|| gyiu cUthf;fpapUg;gij mwpaKbfpwJ.
tpGyhde;jupd; Muk;gfhyj; jkpohrpupauhd itj;jpaypq;f Njrpfu; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; kl;lf;fsg;gpw; Nfhapw;G+rfuhAk;> MrpupauhfTk;> r%fj; njhz;luhAk; ,Ue;jtu;. gy khztkzpfis kl;Lefupw; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu;.
“gs;spg; gbg;NghlikahJ tPl;bYk; jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Rthkpahupd; je;ijahu; Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jhu;. ,g;gb ,tUf;F ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisf; fw;gpj;jtu;> gUj;jpj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtUk; fhiujPTg; gps;isahu; NfhapYf;Fg; G+rfuha; ,Ue;jtUkhd itj;jpaypq;f Njrpfuhthu;.|| 2
vd;W itj;jpypq;f Njrpfiug;gw;wp mk;gpifghfd; Fwpg;gpLtJ kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. tpj;Jthd; GNyhypA+u; itj;jpypq;fNjrpfu; vDe; jiyg;gpy; gz;bju; tP. rp. fe;ijah jhnkOjpa kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk; vd;Dk; E}ypy; gd;dpuz;L gf;fq;fspy; Njrpfiug; gw;wp vOjpAs;shu;.
‘jdJ cly; nghUs; Mtp Mfpa %d;iwAk; kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofj;jpw;nfd;Nw mbAiw nra;J aho;g;ghz ehl;bdu; ,e;ehl;Lf;Fr; nra;JtUk; NritfSf;Nfhu; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf tpsq;Fk; ,e;ey;ywpQUila tuyhW nghwpf;fg;glhtpbd; ,j;jkpofg; Gytu; guk;giu tuyhw;Wj; njhlUk; epiwTilanjhd;whfhnjd;gNj vdJ Jzpe;J KbghFk;.|| 3
tpGyhde;jiuj; njhlu;e;J kllf;fsg;gpd; “khkzp||ahfg; Gfo;ngw;w Gytu; kzpapd; Mrpupauhf tha;f;fg;ngw;w tUk; GNyhypA+iur; Nru;e;j tpj;Jthd; re;jpuNrfuk;gps;is vd;Dk; mwpQnud;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ. “,d;dhuJ ,sikf;fhy Mrpupauhf tha;j;Njhu; kl;lf;fsg;ig epue;ju thrkhff; nfhz;l aho;g;ghzj;Jg; GNyhypA+u;r; re;jpuNrfuk;gps;is vd;ghu; Mtu;.
(kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk; - gf;fk; 260)
kl;lf;fsg;gpd; “NguwpQu;|| vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; tpj;Jthd; r. G+ghygps;is ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau; ty;it itj;jpypq;fk; gps;isapd; khztuhthu;.
“jUf;fk> epfz;L Kjyhd fUtp E}y;fisAk; ed;D}y;> njhy; fhg;gpak; Kjypa ,yf;fz E}y;fisAk;> rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> Guhz ,jpfhrq;fisAk;> rpj;jhe;jrhj;jpuq;fisAk; KiwNa fw;Wj; Njwpdhu;. ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupauhd ty;itA+u;r; r. itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is mtu;fs; ,tUf;F ey;yhrpupauha; mike;jdu;.\\ 4
kl;lf;fsg;Gf;Fk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; fy;tp> ,yf;fpag; ghyk; mikj;jtu;fshd ty;it itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is> GNyhyp itj;jpypq;fNjrpfu;> GNyhyp re;jpuNrfuk;gps;is Nghd;NwhUld; fw;Nfhtsk; Ntjehafk; NghjfUk; Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;batu;.
,tu; Vwf;Fiwa 1865Mk; Mz;lstpy; fw;Nfhtsnkd;Dk; fly;rhu;e;j fpuhkj;jpNy gpwe;jtu;. kl;lf;fsg;G Mrpupa gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyapy; Nghjdhrpupauhf ,Ue;J gpd; fpwp];jt Nghjfuhfp Ntjehafk; Nghjfu; vd;Dk; ngaUld; tho;e;jtu;. ,tu; jPgk; vd;Dk; gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupauhf ,Ue;J kl;lf;fsg;Gr; r%fj;jpw;Fr; nra;jnjhz;L msg;gupaJ. ,tu; rpwe;j fl;LiufisAk;> jdpg;ghliyfisAk; ,aw;wpaNjhL “kNyupahf; Fk;kp||> “cotu; rpwg;G|| vd;Dk; E}y;fisAk; vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shu;. “jPgk;|| Mrpupauhd ,tUf;Fk; “Rnjrehl;bak;|| Mrpupau; NtYg;gps;isf;Fk; (tpj;Jthd; rutzKj;JTk; Nru;e;J) “kjg;Nghu;|| xd;W ele;jnjd;Wk; mJ ciueilapw; njhlq;fpg; gpd; ftpijg; Nghuhf khwpanjd;Wk; $Wtu;. Ntjehafk; Nghjfu; gw;wpg; gz;bju; tP. rp. fe;ijah $WtJ kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ.
aho;g;ghzj;ijr; Nru;e;jtuhapDk; jd;id xU “kl;lf;fsg;ghd;|| vdf; fUjpf;nfhz;L ,e;j ehl;bd; epytsk;> fiytsk;> kf;fspd; kdtsk; vd;gtw;wpw; ngupJk <LghL nfhz;L tho;e;J kiwe;j jkpo;g; GytUk; jkpo; ciueil MrpupaUkhfpa Ntjehafk; Nghjfu;> ey;y vOj;jhsu; Njhd;Wtjw;F Kd;Ndhbahf ,e;j ehl;by; tho;e;jtuhtu;.||5
,t;thW tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; Njhd;wpa gyu; tlkuhl;rpf;F ntspNa <oj;jpd; gy ghfq;fspYk; J}a;ikahd njhz;bid Mw;wpr; rpwe;j fy;tpkuG xd;wpizAk; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sdnjdyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpypUe;J Kfpo;j;j gyu; tlkuhl;rpiar; R+oTs;s gFjpfspy; rpwg;ghd fy;tpjugpidAk; ,yf;fpatsj;jpidAk; NgzpAs;sdu; rpwe;j ciuahsnud kjpf;fg;lg;l kl;Ltpy; k. f. Ntw;gps;is> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofj;JizNte;ju; Nguhrpupau; f. tpj;jpahde;jd; KjypNahu; tlkuhl;rpiaj; jha;topahff; nfhz;ltu;fnsd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. GNyhypiar; Nru;e;j NrhjplUk; jkpowpQUkhd fzgjpg;gps;isapd; kfd; gz;bju; rr;rpjhde;jd; ,g;Ngh khtpl;lGuj;jpy; tho;fpd;whu;. ,tupd;
“Njtu;f; fuRepiy Ntz;bajpy;iy – mtu;
jpd;Dk; RitaKJ Ntz;bajpy;iy
rhtpw; wkpo;gbj;Jr; rhfNtz;Lk; - vd;wd;
rhkgy; jkpo;kze;J NtfNtz;Lk;.||
vd;w ghliyg; ghujpjhrdpd; ghly; vd;W kaq;FthUk; csu;. ftpQu; KUf Nt. gukehjDk; tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tUk; gy E}y;fNs vOjpAs;shu;. ,tu;fisg; Nghd;w gyu; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpkugpw; Njhd;wpj; jhk; GFe;j ,lj;jpw;Fk; tho;e;j ,lj;jpw;Fk; GfOk; ngUikAk; Njbf;nfhLj;Js;sdu; vdyhk;.
4 . 3 tlkuhl;rpAk; jkpo;ehLk;
tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpapd; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaKk;> ,yf;fpa cUthf;fKk; fly;fle;J jkpo;egl;bYk; tpahgpj;Js;sJ. tlkuhl;rpapypUe;J fy;tpNa Nehf;fkhff;nfhz;L jkpo;ehL nrd;w gyu; mq;F khztuhAk;> MrpupauhAk; tho;e;J gpd; tlkuhl;rpf;Fj; jpUk;gpAs;sdu;. jkpehl;bd; jiyrpwe;j jkpowpQu;fNshL fy;tp> ,yf;fpaj njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;l gyu; ,q;F tho;e;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. ey;y tYthd xU khzt guk;giuia cUthf;fpajd; %yk; (tlkuhl;rp) <oj;jpd; Kf;fpa gFjpahfj; jkpo;ehl;ltuhw; fzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
jhAkhztupd; je;ijahu; Nfbypag;gps;is tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu; vd;W $wg;gLfpwJ. \\Nfbypag;gps;isapdhNyNa tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; (fuiztha;) Ntjhuzpaj;jpw;Fk; njhlu;G Vw;gl;lJ vd;gu;. ,d;Wk; Ntjhuzpaj;jpw;Fk; fuztha;r; irtf; FukhUf;Fk; neUq;fpa njhlu;Gz;L.
Nfhtpe;j ]hkpGfo; rpwpJ nrhd;Ndd;
Ftyaj;jpd; tpopNghd;w aho;g;gh zj;jhd;
Njtpgjk; kwthj jPu Qhdp
rpjk;guj;J eluh[ %u;j;jp ahthd;
ghtpaiuf; fiuNaw;Wk; Qhdj; Njhzp
gukgj thapnyDk; ghu;it ahsd;
fhtptsu; jlq;fspNy kpd;fs; ghAq;
fodpfs;R+o; GjitapNy mtidf; fz;N;ld;. 7
vd;W kfhftp ghujpahuhw; ghlg;gl;l aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rhkp tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtnud;W epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tupd; rkhjpia tpahghu%iy vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; fhzyhk;. ,tu; rkhjpnfhz;Ls;s .,lj;jpNy ,yq;if Kw;Nghf;F vOj;jhsu; rq;fk; epidTr;rpd;dk; xd;iw epWtpAs;sJ. tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; jkpo;ehl;bw;FKs;s fy;tp> ,yf;fpa cwTfis Nehf;Fk;NghOJ> mf;fhyf; fy;tpahsu;fs;> Qhdpfs;> Jwtpfs;> kuf;fyNkwpj; jkpo; ehl;bw;Fr; nry;YjYk;. mq;F rpyfhyk; tho;e;J jk; jha;ehl;bw;Fj; jpUk;GjYk; ru;trhjhuzkhd epfo;r;rpfs;. ,e;jpah nrd;W jpUk;gpa mwpQu;fis> Jwtpfis <oj;jpYk; ed;F kjpj;jhu;fs; vd;gJk; cz;ikNa. ,e;j tifapw;jhd; ghujpahupd; aho;g;ghzj;Jr; RtghkpAk; mlq;Ffpwhu;. aho;g;ghzr;rhkp gw;wpa Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rkhd mtupd; epidTr;rpd;dk; mikf;fg;gl;lik gw;wpg; Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp $WtJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
rhkpahuJ md;gUk; mtuJ tho;it Iae;jpupgw mwpe;jtUkhfpa Nkiyg;GNyhypr; rghgjpg;gps;isatu;fs; jf;f Mjhuq;fhl;bg; gUj;jpj;Jiw tpahghup%iyiar; Nru;e;j mUsk;gy RthkpahNu ghujpahu; Fwpg;gpLk; aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rhkpahnud epWtpdu;.\\
MjhuG+u;tkhf aho;g;ghzr;rhkp ,dq;fhzg;gl;lgpd; mtupd; rjhjpf;fUf tpohntLj;J epidTr;rpd;dKk; ehl;lg;gl;lJ. tlkuhl;rp ghujp ghba GfOfFupajhfpd;wJ.
aho;g;ghzr; rhkpiag; gw;wpj; njd;GNyhypA+u; fzgjpg;gps;is $WtJk; kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. Nkiyg;GNyhypapNy tho;e;Jnfhz;bUe;j jpU. rpd;idah NtYg;gps;isatu;fSila mUikg; Gjy;tuhfpa mUsk;gyktu;fs;jhd; Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; Nghw;wpg; guTfpd;w aho;g;ghzj;Jr; rhkpahthu;. 1878Mk; Mz;lstpNy Njhd;wpa ,tu; rjhtjhdk; fjpiuNtw;gps;is Nkiyg;GNyhyp irt tpj;jpahrhiyapNy MrpupahuhapUe;j fhyj;jpy; mq;Nf fy;tpgapd;Wnfhz;bUe;jhu; vd;W mwpaf;fplf;fpd;wJ. ghlrhiyf; fy;tpia Kbj;Jf;nfhz;L rpwpJfhyk; kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; fk;gisapYk; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LglLf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;. 1910Mk; Mz;lstpy; Vnjh ituhf;fpaj;Jld; ahu;f;FQ; nrhy;yhky; ,e;jpah nrd;Wtpl;lhu;. gUj;jpj;JiwapypUe;J Njhzpkhu;f;fkhf ehfgl;bdj;ij mile;jhu;fs;. ehifapNy ePyNyhrpdp mk;kd; Nfhapy; thapyUNf epl;ilapypUe;jikia “ePyNyhrpdp mk;kd; Njhj;jpuk;|| vLj;Jf;$Wk; Njhuzpak;> mfj;jpak;gs;sp khatuk;> fhiuf;Fb> Gjit Mfpa ,lq;fSf;F mbf;fb nrd;Wnfhz;bUe;j fhyj;jpNyNa Gjitapy; Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; ,tiuf; fz;L gw;Wjy; nfhz;lhu;. 9
Nkiyg;GNyhypapNy gpwe;j jpU. tp. ftpd; Mrpupauhd rjhtjhdp eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;sAk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; jkpo;ehl;bw;FKs;s fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaj; njhlu;gpw;F Cw;Wf;fhyhdtu;fspy; xUtu; vdyhk;. jkpo;ehl;by; NgUlDk; GfOlDk; tho;e;j <oj;jwpQu;fspy; rpwg;ghdtu;fSs; ,tUk; xUtu;. Nkiyg; GNyhyp eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isatu;fshy; 1903Mk; Mz;L ,uhag; Ngl;ilapy; = ghyRg;gpukzpa gf;j[drig epWtg;gl;lJ. ,r;rigf;F jkpehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspypUe;Jk; mwpQu;fs;> Qhdpfs;> gPlhjpgjpfs; vd;Nghu; tUfje;jjhfTk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
xU rkak; Njrpa kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu; rigf;F vOe;jUspdhu;. rgh%u;j;jpahfpa KUfg;ngUkhidf; fz;L fsp$u;e;jhu;. clNd vOe;jJ fPo;tUk; mw;Gjf; fPu;j;jdk;.
KUfh> KUfh> KUfh
tUtha; kapy; kPjpdpNy
tbNt YlNd tUtha;
jUtha; eyKk; jfTk GfOk;
jtKk; jpwKk; jdKk; fdKk; - KUfh – KUfh – KUfh – 10
,j;jftypd;gb kfhftp ghujpahUf;Fk;> eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isf;Fk; VNjh xUtifj; njhlu;gpUe;jnjd;W Cfpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
Kjy; Kjypy; vdf;Ff; fy;tpf;fz; jpwe;jtu; aho;g;ghzk; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isatu;fs; 11 vd;W jkpo;j;njd;wyhw; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltu;. Mo;e;j GyikahYk; gad;fUjhj NritahYk; <oj;jpd; Gfioj; jkpo;ehl;by; epWtpa gy mwpQu;fis tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapNy fhzyhk;.
rpwe;j Gyikahsuhd cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytu; ghw;fuNrJgjpkPJ fy;yhlf;fypj;Jiw ghb muq;Nfw;wpg; gupR ngw;wtu;. ,tUf;Fg; ghw;fuNrJgjp Mz;LNjhWk; 300 \&gh mDg;gpajhf mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
ty;it r. itj;jpaypq;fk;gpsisAk; jkpo;ehl;lhuhy; ed;F kjpf;fg;gl;ltu;. nrd;id efuj;Jg; NguwpQu;fNs ,tUf;F ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau;| vDk; gl;lk; toq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jdu; vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wJ.
GNyhypA+iug; gpwg;gplkhff;nfhz;l t. fzgjpg;gps;is> fhQ;rpGuj;jpYs;s gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapNy jkpo;g; gz;bjuhfTk;> jpUtde;jGuj;jpYs;s kfhuhrf; fy;Y}upapNy gpujk MrupauhfTk; gzpahw;wpAs;shu;. rpwe;j jkpo;g; GyikAk;> rk];fpUjg; GyikAk; nfhz;l ,tUf;Fj; jkpo;ehnlq;Fk; gy khztu;fs; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd mwpa KbfpwJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; mwpQu;fs; gyu; jkpo;ehL nrd;W Gfo;epWtpaJ jw;nray; epfo;r;rpay;y. <oj;jpy; jhk;ngw;w ghuk;gupaf; fy;tpf;F nkUFNjLtjw;fhfTk; mwpit tsg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTNk jkpo;ehL nrd;Ws;sdu;. <oj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;w jkpowpQu;fs; gyu; <oj;jpy; kl;Lkd;wp ,e;jpahtpYk; fy;tp fw;Ws;sdu;. ,e;jpah nrd;W jpUk;gpa <oj;jwpQu;fSf;F <oj;jpNy mjpf nfsutk; toq;fg;gl;lik ajhu;j;jNk. cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg;Gytu; ,e;jpah nry;tjw;F Kd; mtupd; Fyk;> Nfhj;jpuk; gw;wpg; Ngrp xJf;fpa mf;fhyg; ngupatu;fNs> mtu; jkpo;ehl;by; Vwj;jho gjpdhd;F Mz;Lfs; ,Ue;J jpUk;gptUk;nghOJ mtiu tuNtw;W cgrupj;Jg; ghuhl;L tpohf;fs; elj;jpajhfTk; mwpaKbfpwJ. ,e;jpah nrd;W jpUk;gpa mwpQu;fSf;F mf;fhyj;jpy; r%f me;j];J> mq;fPfhuk; vd;gd jhuhskhff; fpilj;Js;sd.
jkpo;ehl;by; tho;e;j> njhlu;Gnfhz;bUe;j <oj;J mwpQu;fSf;Fk;> jkpo;ehl;lhUf;Fk; Nghl;b> gpzf;F> nghwhik vd;gd ,Ue;jikf;Fk; rhd;Wfs; cz;L. ehtyu; njhlf;fk; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;istiu ,g;gpur;rpidf;Fs;shdtu;fNs. ts;syhu; fl;rpapdUf;Fk; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isf;Fk; tof;F ele;jikAk;> ghw;fuNrJgjpia cLg;gpl;b rptrk;Gg;GytUf;Fg; gupR toq;f tplhJ jLf;f Kad;wikAk;> Ma;thsu;fs; mwpe;jNj. jkpehl;ltu; <oj;jwpQu;fis aho;g;ghzj;jtu; vd;w nghJikg;ghl;bw;Fs;NsNa fzpj;Js;sdu;. <oj;jpd; gy;NtW gFjpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fSk; gpuNjr vy;iyf;Fs; Klq;fhJ jk;ik> aho;g;ghzj;jtu;> <oj;jtu; vd;Nt fUjpte;u;s;sdu;. jkpo;ehl;by; tho;e;jNghJ xUtUf;nfhUtu; cjtpahfTk; mDruizahfTk; tho;e;Js;sikiaAk; mwpaKbfpwJ.
<oj;jpw;Fk;> Fwpg;ghf tlkuhl;rpf;Fk;> jkpo;ehl;bw;FKs;s njhlu;G tzpfk;> murpay; vd;gtw;iwtplf; fy;tp> ,yf;fpak; vd;gtw;iwNa ngUksT nfhz;bUe;jikAk; Fwpg;gplf;$baJ.
,t;thW tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpf;Fk;> <oj;jpd; kw;iwa gFjpfSf;Fk; jkpo;ehl;bw;Fk; ,Ue;j fy;tp> ,yf;fpaj; njhlu;GfSk; tlkuhl;rpapd; rpwg;gpidg; NgZtdthfTk; ghJfhg;ghdthfTk; mikj;jd. ,r;rpwg;Gf;fSf;nfy;yhk; mbCw;whf mike;jpUe;jJ fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaKk; ,yf;fpa tsKNknadpy; kpifad;W.
mbf;Fwpg;Gfs;
1. fyhepjp f. rptj;jk;gp - <oj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;
2. Rthkp tpGyhde;jupd; tho;f;ifAk; gzpAk;> r.mg;gpifghfd;> mbfshu; gbtkyu;
gf;fk; 18.
3. kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk;> gz;bju; tP.rp. fe;ijah> gf;fk; 242.
4. - Nkw;gb E}y; - gf;fk; 208
5. - Nkw;gb E}y; - gf;fk; 323>324
6. f. rp. Fyuj;jpdk; - ehtyu; E}w;whz;L tpoh kyu;> 1980 (f. eNlrgps;is $w;W vd;W $Wtu;)
7. ghujp ghly;> Rarupij> gf;fk; 275> rf;jp ntspaPL 3Mk; gjpg;G> 1957.
8. <oj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak;> lhf;lu; fh. rptjjk;gp> gf;fk; 58.
9. njd;GNyhypA+u; K. fzgjpg;gps;is - GNyhypA+u;g; Gytu; fjpnuhsp – 1976
10. =ghyRg;gpukzpa gf;j[drig taputpohkyu;> gf; 24 – 1968 nrd;id 14
11. tho;f;iff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;> jpU. tp. f..> gf;fk; 96> 97.
mDge;jk;
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpidAk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpidAk; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; gyiuAk; ntWkNd gl;bay; Nghl;Lf; fhl;lhJ mtu;fspd; rpwg;gpay;GfisAk;> gilg;Gf;fisAk; Ruf;fkhff; Fwpg;gpLfpNwd;. ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> Guhzg;gldk;> gpurq;fk;Nghd;w JiwfspyPLgl;ltu;fSf;Nf Kjd;ik toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mz;ikf;fhy ,yf;fpa> Muha;r;rp> mwpQu;fs; ahtiuAk Fwpg;gplhJ tif khjpupf;F xUtuhfNt vdf;Ff; fpilj;j jfty;fspd;gb Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpNwd;.
mUze;jp – f.r.
,tu; ,yq;ifapd; gy gFjpfspYk; tpj;jpahjuprpahf ,Ue;jtu;. gUj;jpj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;j rilau; vd;Dk; Mrpupaupd; kfd;. 1934Mk; Mz;L gps;isg;ghl;L vd;Dk; rpWtu; ghlw;njhFjpnahd;W gjpg;gpj;jhu;. ,J gpd; 1943Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhtJ gjpg;ghf ntspte;jJ> <oj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j Foe;ijf; ftpQu;fshd NrhkRe;jug;Gytu;> gPjhk;gud;> ey;yjk;gp KjypNahiu vOj;JyFf;F mwpKfQ; nra;jtu;. Mq;fpy tpQ;Qhdg; gl;ljhupahd ,tu; kl;lf;fsg;igr; Nru;e;j Vuk;gKjypahu; nkhop ngau;j;j Mq;fpy ehtYf;F mofhd xU KfTiunaOjpAs;shu;. gy;NtW E}y;fSf;F KfTiuAk; mzpe;JiuA nkOjpAs;s ,tupd; KfTiufspy; fdfpGuhz KfTiuAk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tu; <oj;Jf; fy;tpAyfpw;Fr; rpwe;j njhz;lhw;wpAs;shu;.
mUzhry cgj;jpahau;
,tu; ty;ntl;bj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtu;. rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; khztu;. ty;it itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;isapd; rfghb. nebafhl;L CQ;ry;> gjpfKk; gy jdpg;ghly;fSk ghbAs;shu;. rpwe;j Guhz gpurq;fpahuhfTk; ,Ue;jhu; vd;W Nfs;tp.
M. MWKfk; tpj;Jthd;
my;tha; vd;Dkplj;jpNy mz;ikf;fhyk;tiu (1925) tho;e;jtu;. ,tu; eh. fjpiuNtw;gps;isapd; khzhf;fDk; cwtpdUkhtu;. ,yf;fzj;jpy; kpFe;j Mw;wYs;stu;. Mrpupauhfg; gzpahw;wp ,aikapNyNa ,we;jtu;. ,yq;if Nte;jd; vd;Dk; Gidngaupy; nre;jkpo;> nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp Nghd;w gj;jpupiffspy; gy fl;Liufs; vOjpAs;shu;. 1924> 1925 nre;jkpo;r; nry;tpapy; ,yf;fz tpsf;f ciuahsu; ahu; vd;W xU tpthjk; eilngw;wJ. mjpy; gz;bj e. K. Ntq;flrhkpehl;lhu;> tp. rpjk;guuhkypq;fk;gps;is> rh. nguparhkpg;gps;is> nrd;id gh. fz;zg;gKjypahu; Nghd;NwhUld; tpthjj;jpw; fye;Jnfhz;ltu;. ,yq;if M. MWKfk;gps;isatu;fs; ,yf;fztpsf;fTiur; rkhjhdk; (nre;jkpo;r; nry;tp gf;fk; 329 – 336> 1924 – 25) vd;Dk; fl;Liuia vOjp mt;tpthjj;jpw;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;jtu;. gpw Mf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpguk; fpilj;jpyJ.
Mo;thg;gps;is N[. v];
Jd;dhiyiar; Nru;e;j gz;bju; N[. v];. Mo;thg;gps;is gy;JiwawpT kpf;ftu;. ,tu; ftpj> ehlfk;> gj;jpupif> ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; Nghd;w gy;NtW topfspy; jdJ iftz;zj;ijf; fhl;bAs;shu;. rj;jpaNtj mk;khid> fpwp];jt gQ;rhkpu;jk; (Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> jpUtpirg;gh> jpUg;gy;yhz;L> jpUg;Gfo; vd;w Ie;Jtifg; ghly;fs; mlq;fpait)> erNua ,ul;il> kzpkhiy> erNua Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> erNua me;jhjp> jkpod; Fuy;> ,];yhkpa ePjp newp> ,];yhkpa fjhkhiy Nghd;w rka ,yf;fpaq;fisAk;> fypfhyf; Nfhyk;> G+Nyhf Ntbf;if> cyfk; gytpjk;> fypfhy Ntbf;if> khaf;Fk;kp Kjypa [duQ;rfkhd rpWftpij E}y;fisAk; ,aw;wpdhu;. ,t; [duQ;rfg; gilg;Gf;fspy; rhjp> rka> r%f Coy;fos ieahz;b nra;Js;shu;. ,tiu ,t;T+u; kf;fs; fl;il Mo;thu; vd;Nw mog;gu;. tif khjpupf;F mtupd; gpd;tUk; ghliyr; Rl;bf;fhl;lyhk;.
mQ;R taJila mfpohd; msthk;gpisfs;
gpQ;rpw; gOf;fpwhiuah - ,tu;
te;J kjtbapw; Fe;jp ,Ue;Jnfhz;L
fypahzKk; NtZkhk;.
eifr;RitAk;> fpz;lYk; epiwe;j ghly;fisg; ghba ,tu; njhz;ld; vd;Dk; rpwe;j gj;jpupifnahd;iwAk; elj;jpAs;shu;. fiy> ,yf;fpak;> tuyhW> murpay; vd;w gy;NtW rpwg;gk;rq;fisf;nfhz;ljhf ,g;gj;jpupif mike;jpUe;jJ. mur fUk nkhopahfr; rpq;fsk; tUtjw;F Kd;Ng> jkpo;%yk; rpq;fsk; vd;Dk; E}iy ,tu; vOjpaik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,tupd; kfd; tz.vk;.V. ,uj;jpduh[h fiy ,yf;fpag; gzpfspy; <LghLilatuhff; fhzg;gLfpwhu;.
Mo;thg;gp;s;is rp.
fuizthiar; Nru;e;j Mrpupauhd ,tu;fuitNtyd;Nfhitf;F ciunaOjpg; gjpg;gpj;jtu;. ,g;gjpg;G ,uz;lhk; gjpg;ghf ntspte;jJ (1956,y;)> mtu; rpy jdpg;ghly;fSk; vOjpajhfj; njupatUfpwJ.
,uhkypq;fk; Nt.
cLg;gpl;biar; Nru;e;j Nt. ,uhkypq;fk; vd;gtu; rpwe;j ftpQuhf tpsq;fpAs;shu;. jk;fhyj;Jf; Nfhl;il tpahf;fpaq;fis ieahz;bnra;J Nfhl;Lg; Guhzk; vd;Dk; E}ypid ,aw;wpAs;shu;. me;E}y; ,d;W fpilj;jpyJ. cWjpahd rpy ghly;fNs tha;nkhopahf toq;fp tUfpd;wd.
,uhrrpq;fk; v];. Nf
funtl;biar; Nru;e;j ,tu; tpj;jpahjuprpahfTk;> Mrpupa fyhrhiy tpupTiuahsuhfTk; flikahw;wpAs;shu;. <oj;jpy; Kjd; Kjy; fy;tp cstpay; vd;w E}iyj; jkpopy; vOjpatu; ,tNu vd;gu;. ,tupd; Mf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fis mwpa Kbatpy;iy.
,uhkehjgps;is
,tu; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. gl;ljhup Mrpupau;> msit ,ay; vd;w jUf;fE}iyj; jkpopy; vOjpAs;shu;.
Vfhk;guk; f.
ty;ntl;bapNy Njhd;wpatu;. ,Ughiyr; Nrdhjpuh[ KjypahuplKk; jpUj;jzpiar; rutzg;ngUkhs; IauplKk; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaq;fisAk; fw;wtu; vd;W Nfs;tp. fe;jue;jhjpf;F ,tu; rpwe;j ciunahd;W vOjpAs;shu;.
Vfhk;guk; eh. (1844 – 1877)
,tu; ty;ntl;bapNy gpwe;jtu;. aho;g;ghzf;fyY}upapw; fw;wtu;. ,e;jpah nrd;W gy;fiyf;fofg; GFKfj; Nju;tpNy rpj;jpnaa;jpdhu;. kuGtop ,yf;fz ,yf;fpaj;jpy; rpwe;j Mw;wYs;stu; vd;W Nfs;tp. ,yq;ifapy; Kjd;Kjy; ml;lhtjhdk; nra;jtUk; ,tNu vd;gu;.
fzgjpg;gps;is t. (1845 – 1894)
,tu; GNyhypA+iur; Nru;e;jtu;. cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg;Gytupd; khztu;. ,e;jpah nrd;W gyfhyk; tho;e;jtu;. tlnkhopapw; rpwe;j ghz;bj;jpak; cilatu;. gr;irag;gd; fy;Y}upapYk;> jpUtde;jGuj;jpy; cs;s kfhuhrhf; fy;Y}upapYk; Mrpupauhff; flikahw;wpatu;. gj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l E}y;fis ,tu; Mf;fpAs;shu;. ,yf;fzj;jpy; ngUk; Gyik tha;e;jtu;.
fNzr gz;bju; Qh.
,tu; ty;ntl;bj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtu;. jpUf;Fws; mjpfhurukhfpa jpUj;jhyhl;L vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. ,e;E}y; 1921Mk; Mz;L nrd;idapy; ntspahfpAs;sJ.
fzgjpg;gps;is – Nguhrpupau; – Jk;gis
Jk;gisiar; Nru;e;j ,tu; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; jkpo;g; Nguhrpupauhff; flikahw;wpatu;. Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpf; Fuf;fspd; khztu;. ,tu; jkpo; nkhopf;F Mw;wpagzp jdpNa tpupthf Muhag;glNtz;baJ. ,tu; fhjypahw;Wg;gil> khzpf;f khiy> ehdhlfk;> ,Uehlfq;fs;> rq;fpypad;> ,yq;iftho; jkpou; tuyhW> <oj; jkpou; tho;Tk; tsKk; Nghd;w gy E}y;fis Mf;fpAs;shu;. <oj;jpd; ,d;iwa jiyrpwe;j mwpQu;fshd Nguhrpupau; f. tpj;jpahde;jd;> Nguhrpupau; f. ifyhrgjp> Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau; NtYg;gps;is> Nguhrpupau; m. rz;Kfjh]; Nghd;wtu;fs; ,tuJ khztu;fshtu;.
fzgjpg;gps;is Nt.
,tu; my;thiar; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; Nrhjplj;jpy; kpFe;j Mw;wYilatu;. <okz;ly rjfk; vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpatu;. rpwe;j NghjfhrpupauhAk jpfo;;e;jhu; vd;W mwpaf;fplf;fpwJ.
fiuNtw;gps;is F. c.itkd; (1829 – 1804)
,tu; cLg;gpl;biar; Nru;e;jtu;. kuGtopf; fy;tpAk; Nkiyj;Nja fy;tpAk; xUq;fpizg; ngw;wtu;.ePjpgjpahff; flikahw;wpatu;. aho;g;ghz mfuhjpiaj; njhlf;fpitj;jtu;. ,yq;ifj; Njrgpkhdp vd;w xU gj;jpupifia elj;jpatu;. rpy E}y;fSk; jdpg;ghly;fSk; vOjpAs;shu;. rl;l ep\&gz rig cWg;gpdu; f. ghyrpq;fk ,tuJ kfdhtu;.
fjpiuNtw;gps;is eh. (1844 – 1907)
,tu; Nkiyg; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;> kuGtopf; fy;tpapy; Kfpo;j;j NguwpQu;. Rpwe;j Ngr;rhsuhfj; jpfo;e;jtu;. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,tUf;F khahthj Jk;rNfhsup vd;Dk gl;lk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu; gy E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ,tu; jpU. tp. fypahzRe;juKjypahupd; Mrpupau; vd;gu; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fe;j KUNfrd;
,tu; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. kpf mz;ikf;fhyk;tiu jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lk; itj;J elj;jpatu;. gy khztu;fis cUthf;fpatu; ehtyd Nfhit vd;Dk; E}iy ,aw;wpAs;shu;. (,d;Dk; mr;rhftpy;iy). rpwe;j Guhz ciuahrpupauhd ,tu; xU eh];jpfu;. fpNuf;fQhdp Nrhf;fpwjPrupd; tprhykhd new;wpAk;> tq;ff;fyp jh$upd; jPl;rzpakhd fz;fSk;> Mq;fpy ,yf;fpa Nkij ngu;dhl;N~htpd; nts;spa jhbAq;nfhz;l nghypT G+j;j Kfk;gilj;j cUtnkd;W rpwpa jpz;izapy; fhl;rp jUfpwJ............ gd;drhiy Nghd;W mike;j tPl;L Kd;gf;fKs;s jpz;izapy;fpof;F Nehf;fpa tz;zkjha; msf;fyhfh msTk; nghUSkhd fpuzq;fnswpg;g> QhdghDtha;f; fhl;rp jUgtu; jhd; fe;j KUNfrdhu;. ,t;thW fe;j KUNfrdhiug;g;w;wp t. rptuhrd; Fwpg;gpLtu;. (fe;jKUNfrd; Kj;jkpo;tpohkyu; – gf;. 27 – 1962)
gy jdpg;ghly;fisAk; ghbAs;shu;. $u;j;jtpNtfk; gilj;jtu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; gyghfq;fspYk; ,tUf;F khztu;fs; cs;sdu;.
fhu;j;jpNfR gz;bju; ngh.
,tu; funtl;biar; Nru;e;jtu;. jiyikahrpupauhff; flikahw;wpatu;. ntUfw; rpj;jpuNtyhAj RthkpNgupy; fPu;j;jiffs;> nry;tr;re;epjp gjpfk; Nghd;w E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. gy kdpg;ghly;fSk; rukftpfSk; ghbAs;shu;. rpwe;j fl;Liufs; gytw;iw mf;fhyg; gj;jpupiffspNy vOjpAs;shu;. rpwe;j Guhz gpurq;fpahd ,tu; Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gpapd; je;ijahuhtu;.
fhu;j;jpNfR:
,tu; funtl;b fpof;ifr; Nru;e;jtu;. rpwe;j Guhz gpurq;fp ,tu; gpuk;krpwP fNziraupd; rfghbahf m.r. nghd;dk;gygps;isaplk; ghlq; Nfl;ltu; ehd; tpj;JtrpNuhkzpapd; khztdhdik vd;Dk; fl;Liuapy; fNzirau; funtl;biar; Nru;e;j fhu;j;jpNfR vd;W Fwpg;gpl;Lsshu;. gy jdpg;ghly;fisg; ghbAs;shu;. ,tu; kpf ,sikapNyNa ,we;Jtpl;lhu;. funtl;bapy; gugy;ak; ngw;W tpsq;fpa f. rpw;wk;gy cghj;jpahau; ,tuu; kUfUk; khztUkhtu;.
FkhuRthkpg;Gytu; t.
,tu; GNyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;> cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; khztd;. ,tiu \\,yf;fzf; nfhj;ju;|| vd;W miog;gu;. ,tu; ed;D}w; fhz;bifAiu tpsf;fk; vd;Dk; rpwe;j E}iy vOjpAs;shu;. rpwe;j ciuahrpupauhd ,tu; ftpghLk; Mw;wYk; iftug;ngw;wtu;.
FkhuRthkp Kjypahu; (1792 – 1874)
,tu; cLg;gpl;bapy; ty;ntl;b vd;Dk; CupNy Njhd;wptu;. ciykd; fjpiuNtw;gps;is ,tuJ kfd;. ,tu; mUsk;gyr; Nrit vd xU Nfitia cLg;gpl;bapy; tho;e;j mUsk;gy Kjypahu; kPJ ghbAs;shu;. jPUtpw; Rg;gpukzpau; gjpfk;> %sha;r; rpj;jptpdhafu; CQ;ry;> fe;jtdehju CQ;ry; ,e;jpuFkhu ehlfk; Kjypa E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. Nfhjhup kPJ fypj;Jiwnahd;Wk; ghbAs;shu;.
re;jpuNrfu Kjypahu;
,tu; ty;ntl;bapNy Njhd;wpatu;. ,tu; tpwyptpLJ}J xd;W ghbAs;shu;. tlNjeg; GytnuhUtu; ,tu;Nky; re;jpuNrfuf; FwtQ;rp vd;Dk; ghkhiy xd;iwr; R+bdhu; vd;gu;.
rptrk;Gg;Gytu; m. (1830 – 1910)
cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg;Gytnud;why; jkpo;$Wk; ey;Yyfk; ed;F mwpAk;. ,tu; rpwe;j Gytu;. ciuahsu; - ,yf;fz tpsf;f ciuahrpupau; – jkpo;ehl;by; 14 Mz;Lfs; tho;e;jtu; - ,Ughiyr; Nrdhjpuh[ Kjypahuplk; fy;tp fw;wtu;. <oj;jpy; mjpfkhd gpuge;jq;fisg; ghba Gytu; ,tNu. ,tu; ghw;fuNrJgjp kPJ fy;yhlf; fypj;JiwAk;> ehd;kzp> ,ul;ilkzp khiyAk; ghbAs;shu;. ,tupd; fy;tpkuNg ,d;W <oj;jpd; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo; kughf Kfpo;j;Js;sJ. Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkpf; Fuf;fs;> ty;it itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is Nghd;wtu;fs; ,tuJ rpwe;j khztu;f;s. ,tuJ khztu;fs; <oehnlq;Fk; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. Vwj;jho ehw;gJ E}y;fs;tiu ,tu; vOjpAs;shu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; kpf Kf;fpa gq;F ,tUf;F cz;L.
rptghjRe;juk;. R. (1877 – 1953)
,tu; GNyhypA+iur; Nru;e;jtu;. GNyhypAu;r; irtg; ngupahu; vd miof;fg;gl;ltu;. ,tu; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf; fof gP. V. gl;ljhup> fy;Y}up mjpguhff; flikahw;wpatu;. ,tu; Mq;fpyj;jpYk; jkpopYk; gy E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;. ngUk;ghYk; ,tu; vOjpait rka> jUf;f E}y;fNs> 1977,y; ,tupd; E}w;whz;L tpoh rpwg;ghf eilngw;W epidT kyu; xd;Wk; ntspaplg;gl;lJ. mfE}y;> irtNghjk;> jpUtUl;gad; tpsf;fTiu> irtf;fpupia tpsf;fk;> fejGuhz tpsf;fk; Kjypa E}y;fs; ,tupd; Mo;e;jfd;w Gyikiaf; fhl;Ltd.
rpjk;gug;gps;is> Nt. (................. - 1955)
,tu; Gnyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. jpzizg; gs;spf;$lk; itj;J elhj;jpatu;. rpwej Guhz ciuahsu;. fe;jGuhz R+ugj;kd; tijg;glyj;jpw;Fr; rpwe;j ciu xd;W vOjpAs;shu;. ,tu; fz;ghu;itia Kw;whf ,oejtu; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
rpd;dj;jk;gp cghj;jpahau;> j. (1830 – 1886)
,tu; cLg;gpl;biar; Nru;e;jtu;. rpwe;j Gyikahsu;. xU ghlrhiyia epWtpatu;. epy msitr; R+j;jpuk;> Nrhjplr; Ruf;fk; kjdty;yp tpyhrk; Kjypa gy E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;.
rpd;dj;jk;gp> gz;bju;> fh. (1907 – 1942)
,tu; funtl;biar; Nru;e;jtu;. kpf ,sk; tajpy; ,we;jtu; jpUr;re;epjpNtytu; gjpfk;> jr;re;Njhg;Gg; gps;isahu; jpUg;gjpfk;. jpUr;nre;J}u; jpUtpul;ilkzpkhiy> jr;re;Njhg;Gg; gps;isahu; gps;isj;jkpo;> ghyu;thrfk;> khd;tpLJ}J vd;Dk; E}y;fisg; ghbatu;. mUze;jp njhFj;j gps;isg;ghl;L vd;Dk; E}ypy; ,tuJ ghly;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. kpfr; rpwe;j Foe;ijf; ftpQuhtu;.
Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs; (1875 – 1950)
,tu; GNyhypapy; Jk;gis vd;Dk; ,lj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. kpfr; rpwe;j mwpQu;> jkpopYk; rk];fpUjj;jpYk; ghz;bj;jpak; cilatu;. fyhepjp ae;jpurhiy vd mr;rfk; epWtp tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tp tsu;r;rpf;F mUe; njhz;lhw;wpatu;. Gj;jfj;jUkhyak; vd xU E}y;epiyak; mikj;jpUe;jtu;. gUj;jpj; JiwapypUe;J te;j thf;fpa gQ;rhq;fj;ijf; fzpj;jtu; ,tNu. Guhzgldk;> nrhw;nghopT vd;gtw;wpYk; ,tu; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa cUthf;fj;jpYk; Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfSf;F Kf;fpa gq;Fz;L. fe;jGuhzj;jpd; gy fhz;lw;fSf;F ,tu; ciu vOjpAs;shu;. nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk; vd;Dk; rpW jkpofuhjpiaAk; ,tu; ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
nry;iyah> K.
,tu; mt;thiar; Nru;e;jtu;. rpwe;j ftpQu;. tsu;gpiw ,tupd; ftpijj; njhFg;G. tz;LtpL J}J ghb thndhypg; gupR ngw;wtu;. gy jdpg;ghly;fSk;> fl;LiufSk; vOjpAs;shu;.
<oj;jpd; jiyrpwe;j ftpQu;fspy; xUtuhf kjpf;fg;gLgtu;. <oehl;Lj; jpUj;jyq;fs;kPJ gy gjpfq;fisg; ghbAs;shu;. fhe;jpanewpapy; tho;e;J mz;ikapy; ,e;jtu;: ,tuJ>
mk;kh ntspNa thmk;kh
mofha; NkNy ghuk;kh
Rk;kh ,Ue;j re;jpuidj;
Jz;lha; ntl;bd jhuk;kh
vd;Dk; Foe;ijg; ghly; jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yynfq;Fk; Nghw;wg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
nry;iyahgps;is> rp.
,tu; jpf;fj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;. fe;jtdehj Mya MjPd fu;j;juhf tpsq;fpatu;. ,tu; rpwe;j Guhz gpurq;fpAkhtu;. rpwe;j Fuy; tsKs;stu; vd;W Nfs;tp. ,tu; JfsWNghjj;Jf;F mupa ciu vOjp ntspapl;Ls;shu;.
nrt;te;jprhjNjrpfu;> jp. (1907 – 1938)
,tu; fuzthiar; Nru;e;jtu;. kfhtpj;Jthd; fNziraupd; khztu;. rpwe;j ftpQu;> Guhzgldj;jpy; jpwiktha;e;jtu;. cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytu; gpuge;jj;jpul;L ,tuhNyNa njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tu; jkpo;nkhop Muha;r;rp> khitf; fe;jrhkp Kk;kzpkhiy> ey;Yu;f; fe;jd; Nfhit vd;Dk; E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. 1936 – 1937 Mk; Mz;Lfspy; <oNfrupapy; jkpo;kf;fspd; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; tifap; rpwe;j fl;Liufis vOjpAs;shu;. Ntjhuzpaj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;bUe;jtu; vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
jhNkhjuk;gps;is> rp. (1863 – 1921)
,tu; tjpupiar; Nru;e;jtu;. tpj;Jthd; jhNkhjuk;gps;is vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhu;. Qhdrpj;jp vdDk khjntspaPl;bid elj;jpatu;. tjpup rp. ehfypq;fk;gps;isapd; jikadhu;. ,tu; re;jpahte;jd ufrpak;> irtrpuhu;j;jufrpak;> fjpu;fhkGuhz trdk; Mfpa E}y;fis ,aw;wpdhu;.
jpy;iyehj ehtyu; (1854 – 1934)
,tu; Gnyhypiar; Nru;e;jtu;. rpwe;j ciuahrpupau;> Guhzgpurq;fk; nra;tjpy; ty;ytu;> jpUts;Stu; rkzu; vd;Dk; nfhs;if kWg;G vd;Dk; E}iyAk; ,tu; vOjpAs;shu;.
ehfypq;fk;gps;is> rp. (1881 – 1951)
,tu; tjpupiar; Nru;e;jtu;. Qhdrpj;jp gj;jpupifiaj; njhlu;e;J elj;jpatu;. Qhdrpj;jp ae;jpurhiy vDk; Ngupy; mr;rfnkhd;iwf; funtl;bapy; epWtpf; fy;tpg; gzp Gupe;jtu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk; ,yf;fpa tsjjpYk; ,tUf;F kpFe;j gq;Fz;L> jpUney;thapw;Guhzk;> jl;rz ifyhr Guhzk;> fjpu;fhkGuhzk; Kjypa E}y;fis Mf;fpAs;shu;.
ey;iyntz;gh> jQirthzd; Nfhitciu> re;jpahte;jdufrpak; Kjypa E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Js;shu;.
nghd;dk;gy cghj;jpahau;> f. (1881 – 1951)
,tJ funtl;b fpof;ifr; Nru;ejtu;. rpwe;j Gyikahsu;. fy;tp xOf;f ciu> re;jhdhrhupahu; rupj;jpur; RUf;fk;> ahu;f;fU tpehaf\&Q:ry;> ahu;f;fU tpehafu; jpUtpul;il kzpkhiy Kjypa E}y;fis ,aw;wpAs;shu;. rpwe;j xOf;f rPyuhd ,tu; Flhehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspYKs;s Myaq;fspy; ifyg;gpurq;fk; nra;J te;jhu; vd;W mwpaKbfpd;wJ. fe;jGuhzk;> ngupaGuhzk;> jpUthrfk; vd;grw;wpy; rpwe;j gupr;raKilatu; vd;Wk; Nfs;tp> jpTshid murpdu; ghlrhiyapy; jiyikahrpupauhff; flikahw;Wk;NghJ (1926) ,tuJ fy;tp xOf;f ciu Kjw; gjpg;G ntspte;Js;sJ. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; gpd;tUk; rpwg;Gf; ftpiaf; fy;tp xOf;f ciuf;F toq;fpAs;shu;.
xsitg; gpuhl;bew; fy;tp nahOf;f kUSKiw
nrt;tpjp dha;e;Jiu nra;jr;rp Nyhq;fj; jpfOtpj;jhd;
irtd; fuitg; gjpad;nghd; dk;gyQ; rhwWngau;
vt;tkpd; kd;du; kjpf;F Kghj;jpah Nae;jpuNd.
xsitahuhyUspr;nra;ag;gl;l fy;tp xOf;fk; vDk; E}iy Vl;Lg; gpujpapypUe;J Kjd; Kjy; mr;Nrw;wpatUk; ,tNu vd;W mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; : - (1858 – 1936)
,tu; gUj;jpj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;jtu;. jkpo;> rk];fpUjk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; ghz;bj;jpak; kpf;ftu;. ftpij GidAk; Mw;wy; kpf;ftu;. cLg;gpl;br; rptrk;Gg; Gytupd; khztu;. ,tupd; khztNu Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is. rptngUkhd; myq;fhuk;> gRgjP];tuu; me;jhjp Kjypa E}y;fis vOjpAs;shu;.
KUNfR> gz;bju;> - (1883 – 1958)
,tu; Jd;dhiy tlf;fpidr; Nru;e;jtu;. ,tu; Guhz gpurq;fk; nra;tjpYk; jdpg;ghly;fs; ,aw;WtjpYk; ty;ytu;. rka r%fg; gzpfs; Mw;wpAs;shu;. jkpo; ehL nrd;W rpyfhyk; tho;e;jtu; jpUePyfz;lu; klhyaj;ij epWtp kuGtopf; fy;tpiag; Ngzpatu;.
,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau; itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is
ty;it. r. (1843 – 1900)
,tu; ty;ntl;bj;JiwapNy Njhd;wpatu;. tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg;ghuk;gupaj;jpYk;> ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; ,tUf;Fr; rpwg;ghd gq;Fz;L. ,tu; mr;rfk; epWtpj; jkpo;j; njhz;lhw;wpatu; vd;W mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. irthgpkhdp vd;Dk; gj;jpupifia elj;jpatu;. ,tu; ts;spak;ik jpUkzg; gly ciu R+ugd;kd; tijg; gly ciu> rpe;jhkzp epfz;L> rhjpepu;za Guhzk; Kjypa E}y;fisAk;> ty;it itj;jpNaru; gjpfk;> CQ;ry;> nry;tr;re;epjpj; jpUKiw> ey;Y}u;g; gjpfk;> khitg;gjpfk; Kjypa ghly;fisAk; vOjpAs;shu; vd mwpaKbfpd;wJ. rpwe;j Guhzg; gpurq;fpahfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;. ,tiug;gw;wpg; Nguhrpupau; fh. rptj;jk;gp xU E}y; vOjpAs;shu;.
Ntjehafk;gps;isg; Nghjfu;: (1865 - .....)
,tu; fw;Nfhtsk; vDk; Ciur; Nru;e;jtu;. jdJ ,UgjhtJ tajstpy; kl;lf;fsg;gGf;Fr; nrd;W mq;F tho;e;jtu;. jkpOk;> Mq;fpyKk; ed;F fw;wtu; vd;W mwpaKbfpd;wJ. kl;lf;fsg;G murb Mrpupa gapw;rpf; fyhrhiyapy; Nghjdhrpupauhff; flikahw;wpatu;. mf;fhyj;jpy; gy jdpg;ghly;fis vOjpdhu; vd;W Nfs;tp.
Mrpupaj; njhopiy tpl;L fpwp];jtkjg; Nghjfuhfp mf;fhyk; kl;lf;fsg;Gf; fpuhkq;fspNy ghlrhiy vJTk; ,y;yhjpUe;j ngUq;Fiwia ePf;fpdhu;. fpwp];j;jt kjg; Nghjid vd;w fhuzj;jpNdhL> ehl;bNy xOf;ff;fy;tpia Cl;batu;. kl;lf;fsg;G ehl;bd; gok; gz;ghL> fiyfs; vd;gtw;wpy; <LghL nfhz;ltu; vd;W gz;bju; tP. rp. fe;ijah Fwpg;gpLtu;.
,tu; jPgk;> yq;fhtu;j;jkhdp Kjypa ,jo;fspd; Mrpupauhf tpsq;fpatu;.
rpwe;j ciueilahrpupauhfj; jpfo;e;j Ntjehafk;gps;isg; Nghjfu; rpwe;j r%fj;njhz;lu; vd;Wk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ.
,tu; ghba cotu;rpwg;G> kNyupahf; Fk;kp vd;w ghly;fs; kl;lf;fsg;Gg; gFjpapw; gpurpj;jkhdit vd;Wk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpYk ,yf;fpa tsj;jpYk; Nkw;fhl;ba mwpQu;fistpl ,d;Dk; gyu; njhlu;G G+z;L ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; tlkuhl;rpapNyNa gpwe;J tsu;e;jtu;fs;. gpuNjrg; gw;W kpf;ftu;fs;. Mo;e;J mfd;w Gyikahsu;fs;. Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isf;Fg; gpd;G mtu; mbapy; thioab thioahf tsUk; Nguhrpupau;fs; M. NtYg;gps;is> fh. rptj;jk;gp> m. rz;Kfjh]; KjypNahu; Fwpg;gplf;$batu;fs;. tlkuhl;rpapd; kuGtop Kfpo;j;j fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; cuj;jpNy Nkiyj;Nja Ma;tZFKiwfisAk; iff;nfhz;L ,tu;fs; mUk;gzp Mw;wptUfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspd; gzp <oj;Jf;F ntspNa jkpo; $Wk; ey;YyF vq;Fk; gue;J tpahgpjJs;sJ.
Rthkp tpGyhde;juplKk; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isaplKk; fw;wjd; %yKk; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tp tsj;ijg; ngw;wtu;fs;. mEgtpj;jtu;fs; gyu;. ,tu;fSs; Nguhrpupau; R.tpj;jpahde;jDf;Fj; jdpj;JtkhdNjhu; ,lKz;L. NtNuhb tpshj;jp Kisj;jhYk; jha;top jg;ghJ vd;w xU gonkhop tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; epyTfpwJ. tlkuhl;rpiaj; jha;topahff;nfhz;Lk; Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isiaf; Futhff;nfhz;Lk; jpfOk; Nguhrpupau; tpj;jpahde;jdpd; jpwdpYk; rpwg;gpYk; tlkuhl;rpapd; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tpf;Fk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpw;Fk; fzprkhd gq;Fz;L vdyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpapy; ehty;> rpWfij vOj;jhsu;fs; gyu; tho;e;Js;sdu;: tho;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspy; Kf;fpakhf nr. fjpu;fhkehjd;> njzpahd;> ee;jpdp Nrtpau;> GnyhypA+u; rjhrptk;> uFehjd;> GnyhypA+u; jk;igah> gj;kehjd; Kjypa gyiur; Rl;br; nrhy;yyhk;.
tlkuhl;rpg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; gy vOjpntspapl;l gyu; cs;sdu;. ,yf;fpak;> rkak;> Rfhjhuzk> tpQ;Qhdk;> fzpjk;> msitapay; Nghd;w JiwfspYk; vOjpAs;sdu;. ,tu;fspy; Kf;fpakhf aho;gghzd; vd;Dk; rptf;nfhOe;J Mrpupau;> gz;bju; f. tPufj;jp> tp. kfhypq;k;> tp.Nf. eluhrh> fk;gfh fe;jg;G> ,. Kj;Jj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau; fNzrypq;fk;> Njhk]; <g;gd;> Nf. v];. Ffjhrd;> K. mw;Gjehjd; Kjypa gyiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,g;gFjpapy; mwptpay;> tpQ;Qhdk; rhu;w;j mwpQu;fshfTk;> Ma;thsu;fshfTk; gyu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf Nguhrpupau; n[auj;jpdk; vypNaru;> mZtpQ;Qhdp cLg;gpl;b fe;ijah (mZ Muha;r;rpj;Jiw> mnkupf;fh)> fyhepjp jahepjp> rp. Nyhfehjd; KjypNahiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. <oj;jpy; ghlrhiyf;F ntspNa tpQ;Qhdk; fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndhb epWtdkhfj; njhz;ilkhdhW ntspf;fsepiyak; tpsq;FfpwJ. ,J I.rP.rP. vd;w midj;Jyf epWtdj;Jld; ,izg;Gg;ngw;wNj ,jd; rpwg;Gf;F ciufy;yhFk;. tlkuhl;rpapd; %isfNs ,jd; gpd;dzpapy; epd;wd.
murpay; JiwapYk; Mw;wYk; GfOk; nfhz;ltu;fshf ,g;gFjp mwpQu;fs; tpsq;fpAs;sdu;. ,tu;fspy; nghd;. fe;ijah> [P. [P. nghd;dk;gyk;> Nf. ghyrpq;fk;> ju;kFyrpq;fk; KjypNahiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
tlkuhl;rp aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bd; xU rpW gFjp. tlkuhl;rpia ,yq;ifapd; Kis vd;W rpNyilahf miog;ghu;fs;. tlkuhl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fs; %isrhypfs; vd;w mgpg;gpuhaKk; jPtlq;fYk; cz;L. ,e;j mgpg;gpuhak; tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpdhYk; ,yf;fpa tsj;jpdhYNk Vw;gl;lJ vdyhk;.
aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;bw;Fr; rpy jdpj;jd;ikahd gz;Gfs; fhzg;gLtu; cz;ikNa. ,j; jdpj;jd;ikiag; Ngzpg; ghJfhf;Fk; gpuNjrq;fSs; tlkuhl;rpAk; xd;W vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,t;tha;tpd; %yk; tlkuhl;rpf;Ff; fy;tp> gz;ghL Mfpatw;wpy; xU rpwg;gpay;G ,Ug;gjhfNt vz;zj; Njhd;Wfpd;wJ. ,r;rpwg;gpay;G ngUksT jdpj;jd;ik tha;e;jjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. Kd;gpd; njupahj xUtu; tlkuhl;rpapy; ve;j tPl;bYk; Jzpe;J thj;jpahu; vd;W $g;gplyhk; vd;ghu;fs;. jkpohrpupau;fs; epiwe;j xU gFjpahf xU fhyfl;lj;jpy; tlkuhl;rp fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F mbg;gilf; fhuzkhf mike;jJ kuG topf; fy;tpKiw ed;F rpwg;Gw;wpUe;jikNa vdyhk;. jkpo; thj;jpkhupd;| gps;isfspy; ngUk;ghNyhu; Mq;fpyk; fw;W mwpQu;fshfTk; cau;e;j gjtp tfpg;gtuhfTk; te;Js;sdu;. ,g;gz;G FlhehL KOtjw;Fk; nghUj;jNknadpDk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fg; ngUk;ghd;iknad;W $wyhk;.
tlkuhl;rp> gpuNjrk; fle;j GfOilaJ. mjd; GfOf;F mbg;gilf;fhuzkhf miktJ fy;tp tsNkNadyhk;. VyNt fl;Liuapw; Fwpg;gpl;lJNghy; mjw;Fg; gy;NtW fhuzq;fs; cs. ,yf;fpak;> rkak;> mwptpay; newpfspy; Mw;wYk; <LghLKila gyu; <oj;jpd; fy;tpAyfj;jpw;F msg;gupa gzpiar; nra;jpUf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fspy; Fwpg;gplf;$ba gyu; tlkuhl;rpg;gFjpap;y; tho;e;Js;sdu;.
,g;gFjpapd; Gfo;G+j;j mwpQu;fspd; kuG fpsf;Fk;| nghOJ mtu;fs; VNjh xUtifapy; ghuk;gupaf; fy;tp kugpypUe;J Kfpo;j;jtu;fshfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kpfg; gyk;tha;e;j mj;j;pthuj;jpNyjhd; cau;e;j fl;blq;fs; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd. rptrk;Gg; Gytu; njhlf;fk; Nguhrpupau; rptj;jk;gp tiu jkpopyf;fpag; gug;gpy; <ok; fle;j GfOf;Fupatu;fs;.
,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj; jkpo;f; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpy; tlkuhl;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gf; Fwpg;gplf;$baJ. mjw;Ff; fhy;Nfhshf mike;jtu; <oj;jpd; Kjw; fyhepjp Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;isahtu;. ,tupd; gzp tlkuhl;rpapd; fy;tpg; ghuk;gupaj;jpw;F xU Gjpa gyj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ vdyhk;. ,tupd; gq;fspg;Gj; jdpNa Muhag;gl Ntz;baJ. rptrk;Gg;Gytu;> Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; Fuf;fs;> Nguhrpupau; fzgjpg;gps;is vd;w njhlu;r;rp ey;ynjhU gykhd ghuk;gupakhfNt mike;Js;sJ.
,t;tha;T G+uzj;JtkhdJ vd;Nwh> ,jd; KbTfs; Kbe;j KbTfs; vd;Nwh nfhs;sNtz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. ,e;E}y; G+uzkhd xU Ma;it Nehf;fpa gazj;jpd; KjybahfNt mike;Js;sJ. vd ek;gyhk;.
nghUs; ml;ltiz
(m) ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngWNthu;
mz;zh> NguwpQu; – 38
mz;zhtp Mo;thu; – 16
mz;zhtp MWKfk; - 16
mz;zhtp rutzKj;J – 16>17
mz;zhtp nry;iyah – 16
mz;zhtp jk;igah – 16
mz;zhtp kfhypq;fk; - 16
mz;zhtp KUfd; - 15
\mER+ah| NtYg;gps;is – 16
mk;gpifghfd;> r. - 50> 53> 58
mUze;jp> f. r – 58
mUzhry cghj;jpahau; – 59
mUsk;gy Rthkpahu; – 56
mUsk;gy Kjypahu; – 29
Mupar;rf;futu;j;jp – 4
Mo;thg;gps;is> rp. - 61
Mo;thg;gps;is> N[. v];. - 38> 60
MWKfehtyu; – 42> 52
MWKfk;gps;is> M. - 60
MWKfk; tpj;Jthd;> M. - 59
,e;jpughyh> fh. - 9
,gpd; gJ}jh – 9
\,akd;| NtyhAjk; - 16
,uj;jpduhrh> tz. vk;.V. - 60
,uhrrpq;fk;> v];. Nf. - 61
,uhrehafk;> Kjypahu; – 3
,uhkehjgps;is> j. - 46> 61
,uhkypq;fk> cLg;gpl;b Nt. - 61
,uhkypq;fk;> Jd;dhiy – 48
\,yq;if Nte;jd;| - 59
<. Nt. uh> ngupahu; – 38> 39
vypNaru;> n[auj;jpdk; - 69
Vfhk;guk;> f. - 61
Vfhk;guk;> eh. - 61
Vuk;g Kjypahu; – 58
fzgjpg;gps;is> f. - 42
fzgjpg;gps;is> fPo;f;fuit> t. - 37
fzgjpg;gps;is> R. - 38
fzgjpg;gps;is> njd;GNyhypA+u;> K. - 49> 50> 56> 58
fzgjpg;gp;s;is> gz;bjkzp> rp. - 26> 49
fzgjpg;gps;is GNyhyp> t. 26> 45> 54> 57> 62
fzgjpg;gps;is> Nguhrpupau;> f. - 4> 8> 9> 14> 16> 24> 46> 49> 50> 62> 68
fzgjpg;gps;is> Nt. - 62
fNzrgz;bju;> Qh. - 2
fNzrypq;fk;> Nguhrpupau;> tp. Nf. - 69
fNzrd;> rh. - 34
fNzrd;> gz;bju;> nghd;. - 34
fNzirau;> tpj;Jthd;> rp. - 52> 64
fz;zg;g Kjypahu;> gh. - 60
fjpiuNtw;gps;is> citkd; F. - 46> 47> 62
fjpiuNtw;gps;is> rjhtjhdk;> eh. - 33> 44> 45> 46> 47> 48> 56> 57> 58> 59> 63.
fjpu;fhkehjd;> nr. - 8> 69
fe;jg;gFkhud;> ,uhkypq;fu; – 29
fe;jg;G> fk;gfh – 69
fe;j KUNfrd; - 20> 22> 23> 44> 47> 63
fe;ijah> cLg;gpl;b – 49
fe;ijah> tpj;Jthd;> tP. rp. - 54
fypahzRe;judhu;> jpU. tp. f. - 56> 58> 3
fhu;j;jpNfR> gz;bju; – 38
fhu;j;jpNfR> gz;bju;> ngh. - 43> 63
fpU~;zho;th> vk;. tP. - 17> 18> 43> 44
FkhuRthkpg;Gytu;> ,yf;fzf;nfhj;ju;> t. - 44> 45> 64
FkhuRthkp Kjypahu; – 64
Fd;wf;Fb mbfs; - 34
Nfbypag;ggps;is – 55
NfhghyfpU~;zf;Nfhd;> F. kh – 46> 50
\FbauR| fe;jg;G – 39
\FbauR| nry;iyah – 39
Fyuj;jpdk;> f.rp. - 58
ifyhrgjp> Nguhrpupau;> f. - 24> 39> 49> 62
\rFzp| fe;jd; - 16
rr;rpjhde;jd;> gz;bju;> f. 54
rz;Kf rl;lk;gpahu; – 21
rz;Kfjh];> m. - 45> 62> 68
rz;Kfk;> funtl;b – 48
rjhrptk;> GNyhypA+u; – 8> 69
rjhtpyk;gps;is> Mu;zy;l; - 49
re;jpuNrfi Kjypah – 64
re;jpuNrfug;gps;is> tpj;Jthd; - 53
rghehjd;> Fy> - 3> 9
rghgjpg;gps;is> Nkiyg; GNyhyp – 55
rutzKj;J> tpj;Jthd; - 54
rhkpehijau;> Nt. - 46
rpjk;gug;gps;is> Nt. - 65
rpjk;guuhkypq;fk> tp. - 60
rptf;nfhOe;J> Nt. - 37> 69
rptrk;Gg; Gytu; – 22> 23> 24> 30> 44> 45> 47> 48> 57> 58> 59> 62> 64> 66> 68
rptQhd Re;juk;> rP. - 38> 39
rptQhd Kdptu; – 45
rptj;;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau;> fhu;j;jpNfR – 35> 38> 50> 55> 58> 62> 63> 65
rptghjRe;judhu;> irtg;ngupahu;> R. - 26> 27> 38> 46> 49> 50> 65
rptg;gpufhrk;> fyhepjp> F. - 52
rptuhrrpq;fk;> t. - 42
rptuhrd;>t. - 63
rpw;wk;gy cghj;jpahau;. f. - 64
rpd;dj;jk;gp cghj;jpahau;> j. - 65
rpd;dj;jk;gp> gz;bju;> fh. - 65
rpd;dj;jk;gpg Gytu; – 29> 51
\Rfzh| - 38
\Rgj;jpiu| Mo;thu; – 16
Rg;gpukzpa rh];jpupfs;> r. - 36> 37> 45> 46> 65> 66
R+ud;> fh. - 30> 31> 32> 43> 49
R+ud> jpUkjp – 32
nrgNerd;> v];. - 46> 50
nry;iyah> my;thA+u;f; ftpQu; – 32> 66
nry;iyahgps;is> rp. - 66
nry;tehafk; - 18
nrt;te;jpehj Njrpfu;> jp. - 66
Nrdhjpuhrh Kjypahu;> ,Ughiy – 52> 61> 64
nrhf;fg;gehtyu; – 37
NrhkRe;jug;Gytu; – 59
Qhdrghgjpg;gps;is> ngh. - 36
Qhdrk;ge;jd;> m. r. - 34
Qhdg;gpufhru;> Rthkp – 4
jk;igah – 32
jahepjp> fyhepjp – 69
ju;kFyrpq;fk; - 8> 69
jhrPrpa];> m. - 16
jhNkhjuk;gps;is> tpj;Jthd; rp. - 36> 37
jhAkhdtu; – 55
jpy;iyehj ehtyu; – 48> 67
njzpahd; - 69
Njhk]; <g;gd; - 69
eluhrh> tp. Nf – 9
eluh[h> tpj;Jthd;. f. - 43
eNlrgps;is> R. - 58
ee;jpdp Nrtpau; – 69
ey;yjk;g – 59
etuj;jpdrhkp> ePr;ry; tPuu; – 43
ehfypq;fk;gps;is> tpj;Jthd;> tjpup> rp. - 36> 37> 67
\ehuju;| fe;ijah – 16
ney;iyehj Kjypahu; – 52
gj;kehjd; - 69
gukehjd;> Kuf. Nt. - 54
ghujpjhrd; - 54
ghujpahu;> kfhftp Rg;gpukzpa – 55> 56> 57> 58
ghu;gjp mk;ikahu; – 26> 27
ghyrpq;fk;> f.. - 8> 9> 46> 62> 69
ghw;fu NrJgjp – 57> 64
gPjhk;gud; - 59
GtNd];tup> Gytu; – 34
G+ghygps;is> tpj;Jthd;. r. - 53
nguparhkpg;gps;is> rh – 60
ngupajk;gpg;gps;is> Gytu;kzp – 53
nghd;dk;gy cghj;jpahau;> f. - 38> 67
nghd;dk;gygps;is> r. - 52> 63
nghd;dk;gyk;> [P. [P. - 8> 43> 69
Nghy;ba]; ghjpup – 5> 9
kfhypq;fk;> tp. - 69
Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; - 24> 44> 45> 62> 64> 67> 68
Kj;Jj;jk;gp> ,. - 69
KUNfR> Gytu;> jh. - 39> 68
%j;jjk;gp – 16
%j;jjk;gp mz;zhtpahu; – 16
\%dpg;| nghd;D – 16
aho;g;ghzj;Jr; Rthkp – 55> 56> 69
aho;g;ghzd; - 37> 69
Nyhfehjd;> rp. - 69
tr;rpuNtY Kjypahu; – 34
tapj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is> ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau;> ty;it> r. - 36> 45> 48> 50> 53> 59> 64> 68
ty;ypGuk;> irtg;Gytu;> v];. - 34
tprhfg;ngUkhs; Iau;> jpUj;jzpif – 29
tpj;jpahde;jd;> Nguhrpupau;> R. - 54 – 62
tpGyhde;ju; – 52> 53> 58
tp[aghujp – 34
tPufj;jp> gz;bju;> f. - 8> 9> 34> 40> 41> 43> 44> 50> 69
tPurpq;fk;> Jk;gis – 18
ntw;wpNtY thj;jpahu; – 20
Ntq;flrhkp ehl;lhu;> gz;bju;> e.K. - 60
Ntjfpup Kjypahu;> fsj;J}u; – 29
Ntjehafk;gps;isg; Nghjfu; – 53> 54> 69
Ntyhj;ij cilahu; – 29
NtyhAj cilahu; – 51
NtYg;gps;is> rpd;idah 56
NtYg;gps;is> RNjrehl;bak; Mrpupau;> f. - 54
NtYg;gps;is> Nguhrpupau;> M. - 24> 45> 62> 68
Ntw;gps;is> k. f. - 54
[fehjd;> ,. th. 50
(M) ,e;E}ypy; ,lk;ngWk;
tlkuhl;rpap;y; vOe;j E}y;fs;
mfE}y; - 61
mUsk;gyf Nfhit – 64
msitE}y; - 46
msitapay; - 46> 61
,e;jpuFkhu ehlfk; - 64
,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhupau; ty;it r. itj;jpaypq;fk; gps;is – 50
,U ehlfq;fs; - 62
,];yhkpa fjhkhiy – 60
,];yhkpa ePjpnewp – 60
<oj;jkpou; tho;Tk; tsKk; - 62
<oj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; - 58
<oj;J ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfs; - 50
<okz;ly rjfk;
cyfk; gytpjk; - 60
cotu; rpwg;G – 54> 63
fz;zpw;fhf;Fk; fhtyd; - 40> 50
fjpu;fhk Guhzk; - 67
fjpu;fhk Guhz trdk; - 67
fe;jGuhz ciu – 66
fe;jGuhzk; R+ugj;kz; tijg;gly ciu – 65> 68
fe;jGuhz tpsf;fk; - 65
fe;jtdehj\&Q;ry; - 40> 64
fuit Ntyd; Nfhit – 29> 51> 61
fypfhyf; Fk;kp – 60
fypfhyf; Nfhyk; - 60
fypfhy Ntbf;if – 60
fy;tp cstpay; - 61
fy;tp xOf;f ciu – 66> 68
fhjypahw;Wg;gil – 9> 50>62
fpwP];jt gQ;rhkpu;jk; - 60
Nfhl;Lg; Guhzk; - 61
NfhjhupkPJ fypj;Jiw – 66
rq;fpypad; - 62
rj;jpaNtj mk;khid – 60
re;jhdhrhupahu; rupj;jpur; RUf;fk; - 67
re;jpahte;jd ufrpak; - 67
re;jpuNrfuf; FwtQ;rp – 64
rhrdKk; jkpOk; - 24
rhjpepu;za Guhzk; - 68
rptrk;Gg;Gytu; gpuge;jj; jpul;L – 66
rpe;jhkzp epfz;L – 68
rptngUkhd; myq;fhuk; - 68
nry;tr;re;epjpg; gjpfk; - 63
irtf;fpupia tpsf;fk; - 65
irtrpuhu;j;j ufrpak; - 66
irtNghjk; - 65
nrhw;nghUs; tpsf;fk; - 46
Nrhjplr; Ruf;fk; - 65
jr;re;Njhg;Gg;gps;isahu; jpUg;gjpfk; - 65
jr;re;Njhg;Gg;gps;isahu; gps;isj;jkpo; - 65
jr;irr; rpNyil ntz;gh – 42
jkpo;r;nrhy; mfuhjp – 47
jkpo;nkhop Muha;r;rp – 66
j~z ifyhr Guhzk; - 67
jpUf;Fws; mjpfhrhukhfpa jpUj;jhyhl;L – 62
jpUr;re;epjpNtyu; jpUg;gjpfk; - 65
jpUr;nre;J}u; jpUtpul;il kzpkhiy – 65
jpUney;thapw; Guhzk; - 67
jpUtUl;gad; tpsf;fTiu
jpUts;Stu; rkzu; vd;Dk; nfhs;if kWg;G – 67
jpUtpw; Rg;gpukzpau; gjpfk; - 64
JfsW Nghj ciu – 66
erNua me;jhjp – 60
erNua ,ul;ilkzpkhiy – 60
erNua Kk;kzpf;Nfhit – 60
ey;Y}u;f; fe;jd; Nfhit – 65
ed;D}w; fz;bif ciu tpsf;fk; - 45> 64
ehtyd; Nfhit – 47> 63
ehdhlfk; - 62
epy msitr; RUf;fk; - 65
ePyNyhrdp mk;kd; Njhj;jpuk; - 56
nebafhl;L CQ;ry; - 59
gRgjP];tuu; me;jhjp – 68
gRgjP];tuu; CQ;ry; - 52
guhrf;jp gl tpku;rdk; - 32
ghw;fuNrJgjpkPJ fy;yhlf; fypj;Jiw – 47> 57
ghw;fuNrJgjpkPJ ehd;kzpkhiy – 64
ghw;fuNrJgjpkPJ ,ul;il kzpkhiy – 64
gps;isg;ghl;L – 59> 65
G+Nyhf Ntbf;if – 60
kjdty;yp tpyhrk; - 65
kNyupahf; Fk;kp – 54> 68
khzpf;fkhiy – 24> 49> 62
khaf;Fk;kp – 60
khitf; fe;jrhkp Kk;kzpkhiy – 66
khd;tpLJ}J – 65
%sha;r; rpj;jp tpehafu; CQ;ry; - 67
ahu;f;fU tpehafu; CQ;ry; - 67
ahu;f;fU tpehafu; jpUtpul;il kzpkhiy – 67
tz;LtpL J}J – 66
tsu;gpiw – 66
ts;spak;ik jpUkzg;gly ciu – 68
tpwyptpLJ}J – 64
ntUfw; rpj;jpuNtyhAj Rthkp Ngupy; fPu;j;jidfs; - 63
Ntyg; gzpf;fd; ngz;rhjp mupahj;ij Ngupy; xg;ghup – 37
crhj;Jiz
mk;gpifghfd;> r.> Rthkp tpGyhde;jupd; tho;f;ifAk; gzpAk;> mbfshu; gbtkyu;> rpiy
epWtdf; Fotpdu;> fhiujPT (fp. kh.)> 1969
,e;jpughyh> fh.> aho;g;ghz ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk;> aho;g;ghzj; njhy;nghUspaw; fofk;>
tl;Lf;Nfhl;il> ,yq;if> 1972.
fzgjpg;gps;is Nguhrpupau;> f.> ,yq;iftho; jkpou; tuyhW| Nguhjid> 1956.
fhjypahw;Wg;gil> jpUkfs;> mOj;jfk> Rz;dhfk;> 1950.
khzpf;fkhiy> rhtfr;Nrup ,yq;fhgpkhdp mr;rpae;jpurhiy> 1953 (,uz;lhk;
gjpg;G).
fzgjpg;gps;is> gz;bjkzp> rp.> GNyhypA+u;g; ngupahu; rptghjRe;juk;; epidT kyu;>
aho;g;ghzk;> 1978.
fzgjpg;gps;is> njd;GNyhypA+u;> K.> GNyhypA+u;g; Gytu;fs; fjpnuhsp> gUj;jpj;Jiw> 1976.
fe;ijah> gz;bju;> tP.rP.> kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofk;> <oNfrupg; nghd;idah epidT ntspaPL>
FUk;grpl;b> 1964.
fypahzRe;ju Kjypahu;> jpU. tp.> jpU. tp. f. tho;f;iff; Fwpg;Gf;fs;> gFjp I> jpUney;Ntyp
irtrpj;jhe;j E}w;gjpg;Gf; fofk;> nrd;id> 1969
.
Fyuj;jpdk;> f. rp> ehtyu; E}w;whz;L tpohkyu;> aho;g;ghzk; 1980
ifyhrgjp> Nguhrpupau;> f.> gz;ilj;jkpou; tho;Tk; topghLk;> ghupepiyak;> nrd;id> 1966.
rjhrptk;gps;is Mu;dy;l;> ghtyu; rupj;jpu jPgfk;> ];jpUq; m];gup ,ae;jpurhiy> khdpg;gha;
1886.
rghehjd; Fy> rpq;ifefu; r%fj;njhz;ld; Mz;Lkyu;> 1961.
rptj;jk;gp> Nguhrpupau; fh>. ,aw;wkpo;g; Nghjfhrpupau;> ty;it> r. itj;jpaypq;fk;gps;is.
<oj;jpy; jkpopyf;fpak;> jkpo;g;Gj;jfhyak;> nrd;id 1978.
Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahu;> ghujpghly;fs;> rf;jp ntspaPL> 1957.
R+ud;> fh. vdJ tuyhW> jpU. fh. R+ud;> mtu;fspd; epidT kyu; 1960
ghyrpq;fk; Nf.> rl;l ep\&gzg; Ngr;R| <oNfrup 1931.
Nghy;ba]; - Ceylon by Baldaeus – A Description of a grest and most famous IFIE of Ceylon.
tPufj;jp gz;bju;. f.> nrOq;fkyr; rpyk;nghyp> thzp> funtl;b 1970
fz;zpw; fhf;Fk; fhtyd;> thzp> 1969.
<oj;J ,yf;fz Kaw;rpfs; - midj;Jyf ehd;fhtJ jkpohuha;r;rp kfhehL>
aho;g;ghzk;> 1974.
NtYg;gps;is> tahypshd; f.> aho;g;ghz itgt nfsKjp> [a= rhujh gPNle;jpurhiy> tah
tpshd; 1918.
n[gNerd;> v];. <oehl;by; vOe;j jkpo; mfuhjpfs;> midj;Jyf ehd;fhtJ jkpohuha;r;rp
khehL (epidT kyu;) 1974.
[k;Gypq;fk;gps;is> nr. Nt. gjpg;ghrpupau;> ifyhakhiy.
= ghyRg;gpukzpa gf;j[d rig> taputpohkyu;> nrd;id 1968.
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